Summary

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Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Boundialé-Odienne.
The population size is unknown.
The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
The size of the site is unknown.
Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat loss due to fires and agricultural expansion, and hunting.
Conservation activities are not documented.

Site characteristics

Boundialé-Odienne is an area that was surveyed as part of the Pan African Programme (PanAf). The site is characterised by subtropical dry forest and savanna, punctuated by inselbergs and wet gallery forests (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). The area encompasses numerous classified forests.

Table 1. Basic site information for Boundialé-Odienne

Species	Pan troglodytes verus
Area
Coordinates	Lat: 9.499024 , Lon: -7.107348
Type of site	Non-protected area
Habitat types	Shrubland, Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Savanna, Rocky areas (inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
Type of governance

Types of sites Governance types Habitat types

Ape status

A minimum of two nests and two faecal samples were recorded during a 2015 survey; local villagers reported the presence of chimpanzees (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). Community members were questioned in 30 villages associated with 20 classified forests.

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Boundialé-Odienne

Species	Year	Occurrence	Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Survey area	Sampling method	Analytical framework	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus	2015	Present				Boundialé-Odienne	Line transects & recces		Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022	Recce (covering less than 20 km) and interview survey.

Sampling methods Analytical frameworks

Threats

The classified forests in the area have not been managed, and most of them are simply demarcations on a map, so the forests have been severely degraded (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Boundialé-Odienne

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.3 Livestock farming & ranching	Present (unknown severity)	Herding (Cohen, H., pers. comm. 2022).	Ongoing (2022)
5 Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Many people previously hunted and ate chimpanzees; now they have become too rare (Cohen, H., pers. comm. 2022).	Ongoing (2022)
7 Natural system modifications	7.1 Fire & fire suppression	Present (unknown severity)	Grass burning (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022).	Ongoing (2022)

Threats

Conservation activities

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Boundialé-Odienne

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
	Not reported

Challenges

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Boundialé-Odienne

Enablers	Specific enablers	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Enablers

Research activities

The site was surveyed as part of the Pan African Programme (PanAf).

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Boundialé-Odienne

Category	Behavior	Observation type	Prevalence	Observation dates	Source	Habituation	Species	Comment
	Not reported

Behaviours

Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Boundialé-Odienne

Value	1981-2010	2021-2050, RCP 2.6	2021-2050, RCP 6.0	2071-2099, RCP 2.6	2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [C]	26.1	27.3	27.3	27.4	28.6
Annual precipitation [mm]	1433	1456	1506	1497	1563
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)	48.8	48.2	51.5	50.4	51.4
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)	4.6	7.8	7.7	8.9	9.5

Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Boundialé-Odienne

Type	No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)	% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)	No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)	% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)	No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)	% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)	No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)	% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure	6	0.26	3.5	0.26	6	0.26	10.5	0.26
Drought	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heatwave	4	50	3	100	3.5	100	4.5	100
River flood	1	0.01	1.5	0.26	1.5	0.78	3.5	0.59
Tropical cyclone	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wildfire	30	1.77	30	1.66	29	1.75	29	1.99

Precipitation anomaly in Boundialé-Odienne
Temperature anomaly in Boundialé-Odienne

External links

References

Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345. doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345

Page created by: Heather Cohen & APES Atlas Team Date: 2022-07-04