View source for Wonga-Wongué

[[Central Africa]] > [[Gabon]] > [[Wonga-Wongué]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|-0.541739, 9.460716~[[Wonga-Wongué]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Wonga-Wongué.
* The population sizes are unknown.
* The great ape population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 3,965.8 km².
* Key threats are not reported.
* Conservation activities are not reported.






= Site characteristics =

Wonga-Wongué is located in western Gabon, on the Atlantic coast. Habitats vary from mangrove wetlands and beaches to open grasslands and tropical forest (Mills et al. 2018). The site comprises a wildlife reserve and two hunting concessions (Ramsar 2016). In addition to chimpanzees and gorillas, other wildlife species found at the site include elephants, buffalos, hippos, and a wide diversity of waterbirds, predominantly ''Pelecanus onocrotalus'' (Ramsar 2016). The site was designated as a Ramsar Site for its international importance as a wetland in 1986.

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Wonga-Wongué'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|3,965.816 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: -0.541739 , Lon:  9.460716
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area
|-
|Habitat types
|Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes), Subtropical/tropical moist lowland, Marine coastal/supratidal
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]] 

= Ape status =



'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Wonga-Wongué'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|
|
|
|
|
|Wonga-Wongué
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]] 

= Threats =

Utilization of the land is forbidden in the area designated as presidential reserve; in the surrounding areas logging occurs, but this does not constitute a big threat yet (Ramsar 2016). Tourism also occurs in the surroundings, with the main activities consisting of wildlife viewing and beach recreation (Ramsar 2016). Human population density is relatively low (0.2 people km-2), and 59 villages are located within 10 km of the reserve’s southwest and southeast borders (Mills et al. 2018). The reserve seems to be well protected; e.g., no elephants were poached within the site from 2014 to 2016 (Mills et al. 2018).


= Conservation activities =

Grassland covers 15% of the reserve (Mills et al. 2018). The Gabon Parks Agency (ANPN) prescribed burns are conducted annually during the long-dry season to maintain the grasslands, which would otherwise be overtaken by forest encroachment (Mills et al. 2018).


= Challenges =



'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Wonga-Wongué'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]] 

= Enablers =



'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Wonga-Wongué'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]] 

= Research activities =




= Documented behaviours =



'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Wonga-Wongué'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]] 

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. subm. extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (see Kiribou et al. subm. for details).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Wonga-Wongué'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|26.2
|27.2
|27.1
|27.4
|28.3
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|2920
|3108
|3014
|3146
|3065
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|68.2
|39.9
|33.5
|39.2
|32.4
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.2
|12.3
|11.9
|10.9
|12.2
|}


'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Wonga-Wongué'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|3
|0.07
|2.5
|0.04
|3
|0.06
|5.5
|0.08
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|15
|72.12
|14.5
|89.76
|17
|89.58
|18
|88.22
|-
|River flood
|2.25
|0.75
|4.5
|2.1
|3.75
|2.81
|7.5
|1.68
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.58
|30
|0.57
|29
|0.58
|29
|0.56
|}


<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Wongha-Wonghe.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Wonga-Wongué]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Wongha-Wonghe.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Wonga-Wongué]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/351?language=en Ramsar]

= References =

Mills, E. C., Poulsen, J. R., Fay, J. M., Morkel, P., Clark, C. J., Meier, A., ... & White, L. J. (2018). Forest elephant movement and habitat use in a tropical forest-grassland mosaic in Gabon. PloS one, 13(7), e0199387.



'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-01-10