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[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d'Ivoire]] > [[Mont Tingui Special Biodiversity Zone]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|8.682205, -4.206696~[[Mont Tingui Special Biodiversity Zone]]~''Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Mont Tingui Special Biodiversity Zone
* It has been estimated that 36 (CI: 13-97) individuals occur in the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 988 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are forest clearing and uncontrolled fires that affect savannahs and some less dense gallery forests; poaching.
* Conservation activities are patrols and the employment of former hunters.





= Site characteristics =

Mont Tingui Special Biodiversity Zone was proposed in 2017 to partially replace the former community reserve GEPRENAF of Mont Tingui, covering an important hilly area, rich in biodiversity, contiguous to Comoé National Park. There are several chimpanzee communities using mainly the long stretches of gallery forest among hilly savanna, which are also used by forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis'') coming out of Comoé National Park. There are also other important species, such as white naped mangabey (''Cercocebus lunulatus'') leopards, white and black bellied pangolins, bongo and many others.

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Mont Tingui Special Biodiversity Zone'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
|Area
|988 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 8.682205 , Lon:  -4.206696
|-
|Type of site
|Proposed protected area
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Savanna
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]] 
= Ape status =

This area contains one of the region's remnant chimpanzee populations that have had to learn to migrate due to deforestation and human encroachment. Indeed, cases of seasonal movements of several groups between the Comoé National Park and the site have been noted by the local populations and the managers of the site.

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Mont Tingui Special Biodiversity Zone'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|
|
|
|
|
|Mont Tingui Special Biodiversity Zone
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]] 
= Threats =

The area is under a high human pressure from artisanal gold miners, poachers, cattle herders and farmers, which is posing an increasing threat to the remaining chimpanzees.

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Mont Tingui Special Biodiversity Zone'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Pasture development in the biodiversity zone, with isolated settlements.
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Gradual increase in clandestine gold panning activities in the south-east (Wendéné area) and north-west (Gorowi area).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|Present (unknown severity)
|Uncontrolled removals of medicinal plants and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) as well as the lack of data on these removals.
|Ongoing (2022)
|}

[[Threats]] 
= Conservation activities =

Conservation activities include the Project for the Participatory Management of Natural Resources and Fauna (GEPRENAF). During the period from 1996 to 2002, the project initiated a new approach to the conservation of biodiversity by encouraging people to use community management of natural resources through the sustainable exploitation of these resources through the creation of Biodiversity Management Zones (ZDB). Through training and support activities for AGEREF, the project has contributed to creating the conditions necessary for the sustainable exploitation of natural resources. During the years 2014, 2017 and 2021, the Ivorian Office of Parks and Reserves, manager of the Comoé National Park, supported the ZBD by carrying out an aerial inventory of the large mammalian fauna.

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Mont Tingui Special Biodiversity Zone'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Carrying out occasional patrols by members of AGEREF.
|
|2002-2018
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.14 Employ hunters in the conservation sector to reduce their impact
|Since 2012, the Ivorian Office of Parks and Reserves has employed former local hunters on the site for ecological monitoring activities and development work in the neighbouring Comoé National Park.
|
|2012-Ongoing (2022)
|}

[[Conservation activities]] 
= Challenges =

The major concern lies in the fact that the Monts Tingui ZBD does not have any legislative or regulatory text which confers a protected status on it. This situation results in problems both at the level of management and governance. At the level of governance, some villages, notably those of Gorowi and Amaradougou, are expressing their desire to withdraw from the initiative. As a result, these localities no longer participate in AGEREF activities. As a result of these governance problems, the parties who had made their land available claim the management of the site according to their own rules. At the management level, the main concern is the absence of a site development plan with and a virtual absence of management activities. Thus, it should be noted (i) the non-materialization of the limits coupled with a dispute over certain sections of these limits, (ii) the weakness of the operational system with a lack of management tools (strategy and monitoring plans, ecological monitoring , etc.), a significant lack of personnel, materials, infrastructure, skills and budget, (iii) the absence of management zoning in line with the objectives of the site. This state of the management system does not provide up-to-date knowledge of the site's resources (fauna, flora and ecosystems) and has adverse repercussions on the site's resources. Besides, the data available on the flora date from 1997-1998 and those on the fauna from the year 2002. Also, various pressures are recorded on the biodiversity of the site: - a gradual increase in clandestine gold panning activities in the south-east (zone Wendéné) and to the northwest (Gorowi area); - development of grazing in the biodiversity zone (ZDB), with isolated installations; - uncontrolled harvesting of medicinal plants and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) as well as the absence of data on these harvestings; - the absence of documentation on human-wildlife conflicts existing in the area. In this context, there is very little interest in identifying and adopting adaptation/mitigation measures in the face of the possible effects of climate change.

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Mont Tingui Special Biodiversity Zone'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.1 Lack of capacity/training
|Site management effectiveness evaluation report with IMETT tool
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.2 Lack of government support
|Site management effectiveness evaluation report with IMETT tool
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|Site management effectiveness evaluation report with IMETT tool
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.2 Lack of staff
|Site management effectiveness evaluation report with IMETT tool
|
|-
|1 Site management
|1.2 Need for improved coordination
|Site management effectiveness evaluation report with IMETT tool
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support
|Site management effectiveness evaluation report with IMETT tool
|
|}

[[Challenges]] 
= Enablers =



'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Mont Tingui Special Biodiversity Zone'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]] 
= Research activities =



= Documented behaviours =



'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Mont Tingui Special Biodiversity Zone'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]] 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =



= External links =



= References =





'''Page created by: '''Kouamé ndri Pascal, Toulo Alain & Juan Lapuente''' Date:''' 2023-01-27