View source for Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park

[[Asia]] > [[Indonesia]] > [[Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|-0.919417, 102.469335~[[Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park]]~''Pongo abelii''}}</div>
* Sumatran orangutans (''Pongo abelii'') are present in Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park.
* The orangutan population size is unknown.
* The orangutan population trend is unknown.
* The total site area is 1,432.23 km².
* The main threats to the orangutans are human wildlife conflicts, residental encroachment and illegal logging.
* The main conservation activities have focused on the rehabilitating natural habitats and educating the community and mitigating the human wildlife conflict.
* Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park has held the protected area status since 1995, and is found within the '''Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem'''.




= Site characteristics =

''Bukit Tigapuluh National Park''', located in the Riau and Jambi provinces of central Sumatra, Indonesia, represents one of the last remaining intact lowland tropical rainforests in the region. Originally established in 1995 and expanded to 144,223 hectares in 2002 (WWF‑Indonesia 2017, Sherman et al. 2022). Bukit Tigapuluh National Park is found within the '''Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem''', which is a mixed use conservation activity focus area and release site (Sherman et al. 2022). The park is a biodiversity hotspot featuring over 1,500 plant species and critical habitat for endangered wildlife including the Sumatran orangutans. It also supports traditional forest-dependent communities such as the Orang Rimba and Talang Mamak, whose livelihoods are integrated into the park’s unique zoning system, including a designated Traditional Zone. Despite its ecological and cultural significance, the park faces persistent threats from encroachment, poaching, and limited enforcement capacity, prompting ongoing conservation efforts led by WWF-Indonesia and local stakeholders (WWF‑Indonesia 2017).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pongo abelii''
|-
|Area
|1,432.23 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: -0.919417 , Lon:  102.469335
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (National Park)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
|-
|Type of governance
|Governance by government
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]] 
= Ape status =



'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pongo abelii''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]] 
= Threats =



'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|1 Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Residential areas
|Present (unknown severity)
|Settlements, including many villages and a network of roads, were reported to be spread all around the park (WWF‑Indonesia 2017).
|2017-Ongoing (2022)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1.5 Persecution/human wildlife conflict
|Present (unknown severity)
|Human wildlife conflict reported, but details are unknown (Sherman et al. 2022, WWF‑Indonesia 2017).
|2017-Ongoing (2022)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present (unknown severity)
|Illegal logging activities were reported. The details indicate that, due to the park's high accessibility of the park with roads and settlements surrounding it, the park's  forests are vulnerable to encroachment and timber theft (WWF‑Indonesia 2017).
|2017-Ongoing (2022)
|}

[[Threats]] 
= Conservation activities =



'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park has held the protected area status since 1995 (Sherman et al. 2022).
|
|1995-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.6 Habitat restoration
|Habitat management activities were reported to be present, details are unknown (Sherman et al. 2022).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|Other
|Mitigation of human wildlife conflict activities were reported, but details are unknown (Sherman et al. 2022).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|Other
|Community outreach and capacity building activities were reported, but the details are unknown (Sherman et al. 2022).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|}

[[Conservation activities]] 
= Challenges =



= Enablers =



= Research activities =



= Documented behaviours =



= Exposure to climate change impacts =



= External links =



= References =

Sherman, J., Voigt, M., Ancrenaz, M., Wich, S. A., Qomariah, I. N., Lyman, E., Massingham, E., & Meijaard, E. (2022). Orangutan killing and trade in Indonesia: Wildlife crime, enforcement, and deterrence patterns. Biological Conservation, 276, 109744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109744 <br> 
WWF‑Indonesia. (2017, November 20). *Thirty Hills, the last lowland forest ecosystem in Central Sumatra*. WWF Indonesia. Retrieved June 16, 2025, from https://www.wwf.id/en/blog/thirty-hills-last-lowland-forest-ecosystem-central-sumatra <br>



'''Page created by: '''Aime Mizero''' Date:''' 2025-06-16