View source for Kangari Hills Non-Hunting Forest Reserve

[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Kangari Hills Non-Hunting Forest Reserve]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|8.49, -11.65~[[Kangari Hills Non-Hunting Forest Reserve]]~''Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Kangari Hills Non-Hunting Forest Reserve.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 212.1 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting, mining, and agricultural encroachment.
* Information on conservation activities is lacking.






= Site characteristics =

The reserve is located in central Sierra Leone and is a watershed for some of the country’s main rivers (Brncic et al. 2010). In 1955 it was gazetted as a forest reserve, and in 1973 it was upgraded to non-hunting forest reserve (Brncic et al. 2010). The site is also an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kangari-hills-non-hunting-forest-reserve-iba-sierra-leone IBA]) with at least 115 bird species, of which six are globally threatened species, e.g., white-necked rockfowl, ''Picathartes gymnocephalus'' (BirdLife International 2019). In addition to the western chimpanzee, other primates inhabiting the site include western red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), Diana monkey (''Cercopithecus diana''), king colobus (''Colobus polykomos''), and sootey mangabey (''Cercocebus atys''). Elephants (''Loxodonta africana'') are also present in the area; the population is likely to be small (Brncic et al. 2010).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Kangari Hills Non-Hunting Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
|Area
|212.1 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 8.49 , Lon:  -11.65
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Forest Reserve)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Agricultural land
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]] 

= Ape status =

In 2008, the CEMMATS Group Ltd conducted an environmental and social assessment at the site for the mining of concessions areas for Cluff Gold (Brncic et al. 2010). Chimpanzee presence was confirmed, but further information is not available. As part of a nationwide survey, Kangari Hills was surveyed in 2010, and only signs of chimpanzees were encountered (Brncic et al. 2010).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Kangari Hills Non-Hunting Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|Present
|
|
|
|Kangari Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve
|Line transects & recces
|
|Survey effort: 15.84 km
|Nests and feeding remains encountered during reconnaissance walk
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]] 

= Threats =

Illegal artisanal gold mining activities are present throughout the reserve, and southwest to it, industrial-scale mining by the British company Cluff Gold commenced in 2013 (CILSS 2016; Brncic et al. 2010). Cluff Gold claims to have found 3 million ounces of gold in the area, which puts a lot of pressure on the reserve, as the demand for revenue is immense (CILSS 2016). Signs of hunting are also widespread in the reserve (Brncic et al. 2010), as well as agricultural encroachment coming from the north, and logging for charcoal production are also threats in the area (CILSS 2016).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Kangari Hills Non-Hunting Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|Present (unknown severity)
|Damage done by temporary settlement of rebels during civil war (Brncic et al. 2010).
|1991-2002
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Trees cut and timber piles have been found in the reserve (Brncic et al. 2010). Wood is also harvested for charcoal production (CILSS 2016).
|2010-Ongoing (2016)
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Artisanal gold mining within the reserve and industrial-scale mining bordering the reserve (Brncic et al. 2010, CILSS 2016).
|2010-Ongoing (2016)
|-
|1 Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Residential areas
|Present (unknown severity)
|Villages in the northern part of the reserve (Brncic et al. 2010).
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Hunting signs found throughout the reserve during a chimpanzee survey (Brncic et al. 2010).
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Present (unknown severity)
|Agricultural encroachment to the north of the reserve (CILSS 2016).
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present (unknown severity)
|Logging roads entering the southern part of the reserve (CILSS 2016).
|Ongoing (2016)
|}

[[Threats]] 

= Conservation activities =

A project funded by the the Global Environmental Facility and implemented between 2010 and 2014 by the World Bank and Österreichische Bundesforste Consulting (ÖBf) in collaboration with the Forestry Division of the Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Food Security (MAFFS) aimed to improve management of the site ([https://theredddesk.org/countries/initiatives/sierra-leone-biodiversity-conservation-project The REDD Desk 2019]). The CEMMAT Group also provided a number of measures for the site, including, demarcation of the boundaries, enforcing legislation against illegal mining, reforestation, and training staff (Brncic et al. 2010). However, detailed information on conservation activities at the site is not available. Given that the forest is relatively intact in the core of the reserve, it could be a potentially important place for chimpanzees and other wildlife in Sierra Leone, especially elephants. However, if hunting is not controlled, it will continue to be an empty forest. Serious protection efforts and rehabilitation of the reserve are needed before it can return to being an important site for biodiversity conservation in Sierra Leone.

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Kangari Hills Non-Hunting Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site is designated as a strict nature reserve since 1973 (Brncic et al. 2010)
|
|1973-Ongoing (2026)
|}

[[Conservation activities]] 

= Challenges =



'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Kangari Hills Non-Hunting Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]] 

= Enablers =



'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Kangari Hills Non-Hunting Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]] 

= Research activities =

No information on research activities has been documented.


= Documented behaviours =



'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Kangari Hills Non-Hunting Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]] 

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. subm. extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (see Kiribou et al. subm. for details).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Kangari Hills Non-Hunting Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|26.3
|27.5
|27.4
|27.6
|28.7
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|2353
|2313
|2390
|2377
|2430
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|40.9
|39.4
|40.4
|41.2
|46.9
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|5.7
|6.7
|6.5
|7.1
|8.7
|}


'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Kangari Hills Non-Hunting Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|3.5
|0.65
|3.5
|0.65
|4.5
|0.65
|6.5
|0.65
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|11
|100
|10
|100
|9.5
|100
|9
|100
|-
|River flood
|0.5
|1.42
|1.5
|6.76
|1
|5.89
|3
|4.56
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0.5
|0.12
|0.5
|2.15
|0.5
|0.19
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.59
|30
|0.58
|29
|0.6
|29
|0.62
|}


<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Kangari_Hills.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Kangari Hills Non-Hunting Forest Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Kangari_Hills.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Kangari Hills Non-Hunting Forest Reserve]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =



= References =

Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. (2010) Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.

BirdLife International (2019) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kangari Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 25/09/2019.

The REDD Desk (2019) Sierra Leone Biodiversity Conservation Project. Online: https://theredddesk.org/countries/initiatives/sierra-leone-biodiversity-conservation-project

CILSS (2016) Landscapes of West Africa: A Window On a Changing World. U. S. Geological Survey EROS 47914, 252nd St, Garretson, SD 57030, United States.



'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2019-10-22