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[[Asia]] > [[Indonesia]] > [[Sungai Palin watershed]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|0.946904, 112.661879~[[Sungai Palin watershed]]~''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''}}</div>
* Northwest Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus'') are present in the Sungai Palin watershed.
* The population size is unknown.
* The orangutan population trend is decreasing.
* The size of the site is 321.28 km².
* Key threats to orangutans are road building, forest degradation and logging.
* Conservation activities have focused on community-based forest management.

= Site characteristics =

The protected areas of Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve and Betung Kerihun National Park, in the upper Kapuas watershed, were home to relatively large populations of the Bornean orangutan until the 1990s; from 1973 to 1997 almost 30% of habitat disappeared in and around Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve ([[#R01733|Yanuar et al. 2020]]). Orangutans are still encountered in the unprotected areas of Sungai Palin and Nanga Awen, which lie between Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve and Betung Kerihun National Park ([[#R01733|Yanuar et al. 2020]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Sungai Palin watershed'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|-
|Area
|321.28 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 0.946904 , Lon:  112.661879
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]] 
= Ape status =

A survey conducted in 1991 in Nanga Awen, c. 20 km away from Sungai Palin in the same landscape, recorded orangutan nests along three transects (1.0–1.2 km long, with a total length of 4.3 km). The estimated density was 2.62 (95% CI:1.02-6.72). In comparison, the density for Sungai Palin in 2017 was slightly lower (1.29 individuals/sq.km) ([[#R01733|Yanuar et al. 2020]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Sungai Palin watershed'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|2017
|
|
|1.29 (0.51-3.25)
|
|Sungai Palin watershed
|Line transects
|
|[[#R01733|Yanuar et al. 2020]]
|Survey effort:4.5 km. 76 nests were observed.
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]] 
= Threats =

Orangutans at the site have been mainly threatened by logging, forest degradation and lack of connectivity between forest remnants. A major threat is also the building of new roads ([[#R01733|Yanuar et al. 2020]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Sungai Palin watershed'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Construction of new roads in the area ([[#R01733|Yanuar et al. 2020]]).
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present (unknown severity)
|Habitat degradation due to logging; since 2003 a logging concession in the area of the Nanga Lauk village has been inactive ([[#R01733|Yanuar et al. 2020]]).
|2003
|}

[[Threats]] 
= Conservation activities =

Although protection of the site's forests are under the jurisdiction of the district forestry agency, they are managed by the local community as the Nanga Lauk Village Forest. The community is allowed to only extract non-timber forest products. Including the local community in the management of the forest has helped to protect the orangutans, as evidenced by the fact that logging ceased in 2003 ([[#R01733|Yanuar et al. 2020]]).

= Challenges =



'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Sungai Palin watershed'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]] 
= Enablers =



'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Sungai Palin watershed'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]] 
= Research activities =



= Documented behaviours =



'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Sungai Palin watershed'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]] 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =



= External links =



= References =

<span id="R01733"></span>Yanuar, A., Fehse, J., Chivers, D., & Sugardjito, J. (2020). New estimates of orangutan density in Sungai Palin watershed, Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Oryx, 54(6), 763-766. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605319000875 doi:10.1017/s0030605319000875]



'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-10-25