Assam - Revision history

WikiEdit at 19:07, 14 October 2026

2026-10-14T19:07:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:07, 14 October 2026
Line 64:		Line 64:
	\|Sadiya subdivision, 789.95 km²		\|Sadiya subdivision, 789.95 km²
	\|Line transects		\|Line transects
	\|Chetry et al. ~~2019~~		\|[[#R00021\|Chetry et al. 2021]]
	\|Survey effort 98 km. Average group size was 2.42		\|Survey effort 98 km. Average group size was 2.42
	\|		\|

WikiEdit at 20:26, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T20:26:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:26, 12 October 2026
Line 16:		Line 16:
	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =

	The state of Assam is located in northeast India and comprises two global biodiversity hotspots: the Indo-Burma and the Himalayan hotspots (Mazumder 2014). The region is a stronghold for 12 primate species: Bengal slow loris ''Nycticebus bengalensis'', Rhesus macaque ''Macaca mulatta'', Assamese macaque ''Macaca assamensis'', pig-tailed macaque ''Macaca leonina'', stump-tailed macaque ''Macaca arctoides'', Tibetan macaque ''Macaca thibetana'', white-cheeked macaque ''Macaca luecogenys'', capped langur ''Trachypithecus pileatus'', golden langur ''Trachypithecus geei'', Phayre’s langur ''Trachypithecus phayrei'', western hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock hoolock'', and eastern hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock leuconedys'' (Chetry et al. 2021).		The state of Assam is located in northeast India and comprises two global biodiversity hotspots: the Indo-Burma and the Himalayan hotspots ([[#R00024\|Mazumder 2014]]). The region is a stronghold for 12 primate species: Bengal slow loris ''Nycticebus bengalensis'', Rhesus macaque ''Macaca mulatta'', Assamese macaque ''Macaca assamensis'', pig-tailed macaque ''Macaca leonina'', stump-tailed macaque ''Macaca arctoides'', Tibetan macaque ''Macaca thibetana'', white-cheeked macaque ''Macaca luecogenys'', capped langur ''Trachypithecus pileatus'', golden langur ''Trachypithecus geei'', Phayre’s langur ''Trachypithecus phayrei'', western hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock hoolock'', and eastern hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock leuconedys'' ([[#R00021\|Chetry et al. 2021]]).

	'''Table 1. Basic site information for Assam'''		'''Table 1. Basic site information for Assam'''
Line 42:		Line 42:
	= Ape status =		= Ape status =

	In 2009, Chetry et al. (2012) recorded 33 gibbons in 10 groups based on direct sightings in the reserve forests of Hal logaon, Kukurmara, and Kundil Kalia (Chetry et al. 2021). In 2019, 17 individuals in seven groups in these three reserve forests were recorded, indicating a 48.5% population decline. The number of groups was also reduced from 26 (direct observations and call-count) in 2009 to 11 in 2019 (Chetry et al. 2021). In this time frame there was also a 18.75% increase in the proportion of adults to immatures, indicating reduced recruitment and population decline (Chetry et al. 2021).		In 2009, Chetry et al. (2012) recorded 33 gibbons in 10 groups based on direct sightings in the reserve forests of Hal logaon, Kukurmara, and Kundil Kalia ([[#R00021\|Chetry et al. 2021]]). In 2019, 17 individuals in seven groups in these three reserve forests were recorded, indicating a 48.5% population decline. The number of groups was also reduced from 26 (direct observations and call-count) in 2009 to 11 in 2019 ([[#R00021\|Chetry et al. 2021]]). In this time frame there was also a 18.75% increase in the proportion of adults to immatures, indicating reduced recruitment and population decline ([[#R00021\|Chetry et al. 2021]]).

	'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Assam'''		'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Assam'''
Line 75:		Line 75:
	\|Upper Brahmaputra Valley, 9851 km²		\|Upper Brahmaputra Valley, 9851 km²
	\|Unknown		\|Unknown
	\|Sarma et al. 2021		\|[[#R00025\|Sarma et al. 2021]]
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
Line 83:		Line 83:
	= Threats =		= Threats =

	Habitat encroachment and selective illegal logging represent the most severe threats to gibbons and other wildlife in Assam (Chetry et al. 2021).		Habitat encroachment and selective illegal logging represent the most severe threats to gibbons and other wildlife in Assam ([[#R00021\|Chetry et al. 2021]]).

	'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Assam'''		'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Assam'''
Line 96:		Line 96:
	\|1.1 Residential areas		\|1.1 Residential areas
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Habitat encroachment due to development activities and expansion of human settlements (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023).		\|Habitat encroachment due to development activities and expansion of human settlements ([[#R00021\|Chetry et al. 2021]], Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
	\|Ongoing (2023)		\|Ongoing (2023)
	\|-		\|-
Line 102:		Line 102:
	\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops		\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Encroachment due to expansion of land for agriculture, including ginger and orange cultivation (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Jhum cultivation (a slash-and-burn type of shifting cultivation) has devastated large forest covers through the creation of canopy gaps and depletion of food (Mazumder 2014).		\|Encroachment due to expansion of land for agriculture, including ginger and orange cultivation ([[#R00021\|Chetry et al. 2021]], Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Jhum cultivation (a slash-and-burn type of shifting cultivation) has devastated large forest covers through the creation of canopy gaps and depletion of food ([[#R00024\|Mazumder 2014]]).
	\|2014-Ongoing (2023)		\|2014-Ongoing (2023)
	\|-		\|-
Line 108:		Line 108:
	\|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching		\|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|Livestock grazing (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023).		\|Livestock grazing ([[#R00021\|Chetry et al. 2021]], Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
	\|2021-Ongoing (2023)		\|2021-Ongoing (2023)
	\|-		\|-
Line 126:		Line 126:
	\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals		\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|In certain places in southern Assam poachers specifically hunt these primates for their skin, hides, bones, skull, etc. (Mazumder 2014). Hunting is ongoing in remote areas of Assam (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).		\|In certain places in southern Assam poachers specifically hunt these primates for their skin, hides, bones, skull, etc. ([[#R00024\|Mazumder 2014]]). Hunting is ongoing in remote areas of Assam (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
	\|2014-Ongoing (2023)		\|2014-Ongoing (2023)
	\|-		\|-
Line 132:		Line 132:
	\|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants		\|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|Exploitation of non-timber forest products such as cane bamboo and ferns (Chetry et al. 2021).		\|Exploitation of non-timber forest products such as cane bamboo and ferns ([[#R00021\|Chetry et al. 2021]]).
	\|Ongoing (2021)		\|Ongoing (2021)
	\|-		\|-
Line 138:		Line 138:
	\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting		\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Illegal logging of certain species, including ''Uriam Bischoffia javanica'', ''Simalu Bombax ceiba'', ''Halakh Termina lia myriocarpa'', and ''Titasopa Michelia champaca'' is causing canopy loss and creating fragments within the existing habitats. Exploitation for firewood has also been documented (Chertry et al. 2021). Illegal logging is ongoing (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).		\|Illegal logging of certain species, including ''Uriam Bischoffia javanica'', ''Simalu Bombax ceiba'', ''Halakh Termina lia myriocarpa'', and ''Titasopa Michelia champaca'' is causing canopy loss and creating fragments within the existing habitats. Exploitation for firewood has also been documented ([[#R00021\|Chertry et al. 2021]]). Illegal logging is ongoing (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
	\|2021-Ongoing (2023)		\|2021-Ongoing (2023)
	\|-		\|-
Line 249:		Line 249:
	= Research activities =		= Research activities =

	Multiple studies have been conducted in Assam to investigate the status of gibbons and other primates present in the area (Chetry et al. 2021, Kakati et al. 2009, Choudhury 2009, Sarma et al. 2021).		Multiple studies have been conducted in Assam to investigate the status of gibbons and other primates present in the area ([[#R00021\|Chetry et al. 2021]], [[#R00023\|Kakati et al. 2009]], [[#R00022\|Choudhury 2009]], [[#R00025\|Sarma et al. 2021]]).

	= Documented behaviours =		= Documented behaviours =
Line 289:		Line 289:
	= References =		= References =

	Chetry, D., Phukan, M., Chetry, S., Baruah, B., Deka, J. R., Das, A. K., ... & Bhattacharjee, P. C. (2021). The eastern hoolock gibbon Hoolock leuconedys population in Assam, India, is on the verge of extinction. Primate Conservation, (35). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26187.52005 ~~<br>~~		<span id="R00021"></span>Chetry, D., Phukan, M., Chetry, S., Baruah, B., Deka, J. R., Das, A. K., ... & Bhattacharjee, P. C. (2021). The eastern hoolock gibbon Hoolock leuconedys population in Assam, India, is on the verge of extinction. Primate Conservation, (35). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26187.52005 [https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/13/10/490/pdf link]

	Choudhury, A. (2009). The ~~distribution~~, ~~status~~ and ~~conservation~~ of ~~hoolock gibbon~~, Hoolock hoolock, in Karbi Anglong ~~district~~, Assam, Northeast India. Primate Conservation, 24(1), ~~117–126~~. ~~<br>~~		<span id="R00022"></span>Choudhury, A. (2009). The Distribution, Status and Conservation of Hoolock Gibbon,Hoolock hoolock,in Karbi Anglong District, Assam, Northeast India. ''Primate Conservation'', 24(1), 117-126. [https://doi.org/10.1896/052.024.0110 doi:10.1896/052.024.0110]

	Kakati, K., Raghavan, R., Chellam, R., Qureshi, Q., & Chivers, D. J. (2009). Status of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) ~~populations~~ in ~~fragmented forests~~ of ~~eastern~~ Assam. Primate Conservation, 24(1), ~~127–137~~. ~~<br>~~		<span id="R00023"></span>Kakati, K., Raghavan, R., Chellam, R., Qureshi, Q., & Chivers, D. J. (2009). Status of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) Populations in Fragmented Forests of Eastern Assam. ''Primate Conservation'', 24(1), 127-137. [https://doi.org/10.1896/052.024.0111 doi:10.1896/052.024.0111]

	Mazumder, M. K. (2014). Diversity, habitat preferences, and conservation of the primates of ~~southern~~ Assam, India: The story of a primate paradise. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 7(4), ~~347–354~~. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.10.001 ~~<br>~~		<span id="R00024"></span>Mazumder, M. K. (2014). Diversity, habitat preferences, and conservation of the primates of Southern Assam, India: The story of a primate paradise. ''Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity'', 7(4), 347-354. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.10.001 doi:10.1016/j.japb.2014.10.001]

	Sarma, K., Saikia, M. K., Sarania, B., Basumatary, H., Baruah, S. S., Saikia, B. P., ~~...~~ & Saikia, P. K. (2021). Habitat monitoring and conservation prioritization of Western Hoolock Gibbon in upper Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India. Scientific Reports, 11(1), ~~1–11~~. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94844-8 ~~<br>~~		<span id="R00025"></span>Sarma, K., Saikia, M. K., Sarania, B., Basumatary, H., Baruah, S. S., Saikia, B. P., …, & Saikia, P. K. (2021). Habitat monitoring and conservation prioritization of Western Hoolock Gibbon in upper Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India. ''Scientific Reports'', 11(1), 1-11. [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94844-8 doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94844-8]



	'''Page created by: '''Dilip Chetry & APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-10-04		'''Page created by: '''Dilip Chetry & APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-10-04

WikiEdit at 14:42, 1 September 2026

2026-09-01T14:42:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:42, 1 September 2026
Line 289:		Line 289:
	= References =		= References =

	Chetry, D., Phukan, M., Chetry, S., Baruah, B., Deka, J. R., Das, A. K., ... & Bhattacharjee, P. C. (2021). The ~~Eastern Hoolock Gibbon~~ Hoolock leuconedys ~~Population~~ in Assam, India, is on the ~~Verge~~ of ~~Extinction~~. Primate Conservation, (35).https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26187.52005		Chetry, D., Phukan, M., Chetry, S., Baruah, B., Deka, J. R., Das, A. K., ... & Bhattacharjee, P. C. (2021). The eastern hoolock gibbon Hoolock leuconedys population in Assam, India, is on the verge of extinction. Primate Conservation, (35). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26187.52005 <br>

	Choudhury, A. (2009). The distribution, status and conservation of hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Karbi Anglong district, Assam, Northeast India. Primate Conservation, 24(1), ~~117-126~~.		Choudhury, A. (2009). The distribution, status and conservation of hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Karbi Anglong district, Assam, Northeast India. Primate Conservation, 24(1), 117–126. <br>

	Kakati, K., Raghavan, R., Chellam, R., Qureshi, Q., & Chivers, D. J. (2009). Status of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) populations in fragmented forests of eastern Assam. Primate Conservation, 24(1), ~~127-137~~.		Kakati, K., Raghavan, R., Chellam, R., Qureshi, Q., & Chivers, D. J. (2009). Status of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) populations in fragmented forests of eastern Assam. Primate Conservation, 24(1), 127–137. <br>

	Mazumder, M. K. (2014). Diversity, habitat preferences, and conservation of the primates of southern Assam, India: The story of a primate paradise. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 7(4), ~~347-354~~.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.10.001		Mazumder, M. K. (2014). Diversity, habitat preferences, and conservation of the primates of southern Assam, India: The story of a primate paradise. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 7(4), 347–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.10.001 <br>

	Sarma, K., Saikia, M. K., Sarania, B., Basumatary, H., Baruah, S. S., Saikia, B. P., ... & Saikia, P. K. (2021). Habitat monitoring and conservation prioritization of Western Hoolock Gibbon in upper Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India. Scientific ~~reports~~, 11(1), ~~1-11~~. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94844-8		Sarma, K., Saikia, M. K., Sarania, B., Basumatary, H., Baruah, S. S., Saikia, B. P., ... & Saikia, P. K. (2021). Habitat monitoring and conservation prioritization of Western Hoolock Gibbon in upper Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94844-8 <br>



	'''Page created by: '''Dilip Chetry & APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-10-04		'''Page created by: '''Dilip Chetry & APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-10-04

WikiEdit at 14:41, 25 March 2026

2026-03-25T14:41:13Z

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 * Key threats to gibbons are habitat encroachment and illegal logging.
 * Conservation activities include education and awareness raising, and supporting communities near forests with alternative income sources such as beekeeping and mushroom cultivation.
 = Site characteristics =
@@ Line 96: / Line 92: @@
 !Description
 !Year of threat
 |-
 |2 Agriculture & aquaculture
@@ Line 101: / Line 103: @@
 |High (more than 70% of population affected)
 |Encroachment due to expansion of land for agriculture, including ginger and orange cultivation (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Jhum cultivation (a slash-and-burn type of shifting cultivation) has devastated large forest covers through the creation of canopy gaps and depletion of food (Mazumder 2014).
 |2014-Ongoing (2023)
 |-
@@ Line 114: / Line 110: @@
 |Livestock grazing (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
 |2021-Ongoing (2023)
 |-
 |3 Energy production & mining
@@ Line 144: / Line 122: @@
 |Expansion of roads and railroads cause habitat fragmentation and further encroachment (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
 |Ongoing (2023)
 |-
 |7 Natural system modifications

WikiEdit at 06:43, 6 November 2025

2025-11-06T06:43:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:43, 6 November 2025
Line 65:		Line 65:
	\|		\|
	\|7		\|7
	\|17		\|17.0
	\|Sadiya subdivision, 789.95 km²		\|Sadiya subdivision, 789.95 km²
	\|Line transects		\|Line transects

WikiEdit: Created page with "Asia > India > Assam '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesat..."

2025-10-30T17:49:41Z

Created page with "Asia > India > Assam '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesat..."

New page

[[Asia]] > [[India]] > [[Assam]]

'''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|25.521581, 93.051847~[[Assam]]~''Hoolock hoolock''}}</div>
* Western hoolock gibbons (''Hoolock hoolock'') are present in Assam.
* The population size is unknown.
* The gibbon population trend is decreasing.
* The site has a total size of 78,438 km².
* Key threats to gibbons are habitat encroachment and illegal logging.
* Conservation activities include education and awareness raising, and supporting communities near forests with alternative income sources such as beekeeping and mushroom cultivation.

= Site characteristics =

The state of Assam is located in northeast India and comprises two global biodiversity hotspots: the Indo-Burma and the Himalayan hotspots (Mazumder 2014). The region is a stronghold for 12 primate species: Bengal slow loris ''Nycticebus bengalensis'', Rhesus macaque ''Macaca mulatta'', Assamese macaque ''Macaca assamensis'', pig-tailed macaque ''Macaca leonina'', stump-tailed macaque ''Macaca arctoides'', Tibetan macaque ''Macaca thibetana'', white-cheeked macaque ''Macaca luecogenys'', capped langur ''Trachypithecus pileatus'', golden langur ''Trachypithecus geei'', Phayre’s langur ''Trachypithecus phayrei'', western hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock hoolock'', and eastern hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock leuconedys'' (Chetry et al. 2021).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Assam'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Hoolock hoolock''
|-
|Area
|78,438 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 25.521581 , Lon: 93.051847
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

In 2009, Chetry et al. (2012) recorded 33 gibbons in 10 groups based on direct sightings in the reserve forests of Hal logaon, Kukurmara, and Kundil Kalia (Chetry et al. 2021). In 2019, 17 individuals in seven groups in these three reserve forests were recorded, indicating a 48.5% population decline. The number of groups was also reduced from 26 (direct observations and call-count) in 2009 to 11 in 2019 (Chetry et al. 2021). In this time frame there was also a 18.75% increase in the proportion of adults to immatures, indicating reduced recruitment and population decline (Chetry et al. 2021).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Assam'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Total number groups (95% CI)
!Density [groups/km²] (95% CI)
!Total number indiv. (95% CI)
!Area
!Method
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Hoolock hoolock''
|2019
|
|7
|17
|Sadiya subdivision, 789.95 km²
|Line transects
|Chetry et al. 2019
|Survey effort 98 km. Average group size was 2.42
|
|-
|''Hoolock hoolock''
|2017-2018
|
|
|
|Upper Brahmaputra Valley, 9851 km²
|Unknown
|Sarma et al. 2021
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

Habitat encroachment and selective illegal logging represent the most severe threats to gibbons and other wildlife in Assam (Chetry et al. 2021).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Assam'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Encroachment due to expansion of land for agriculture, including ginger and orange cultivation (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Jhum cultivation (a slash-and-burn type of shifting cultivation) has devastated large forest covers through the creation of canopy gaps and depletion of food (Mazumder 2014).
|2014-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present (unknown severity)
|In certain places in southern Assam poachers specifically hunt these primates for their skin, hides, bones, skull, etc. (Mazumder 2014). Hunting is ongoing in remote areas of Assam (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|2014-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|Present (unknown severity)
|Livestock grazing (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|2021-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Illegal logging of certain species, including ''Uriam Bischoffia javanica'', ''Simalu Bombax ceiba'', ''Halakh Termina lia myriocarpa'', and ''Titasopa Michelia champaca'' is causing canopy loss and creating fragments within the existing habitats. Exploitation for firewood has also been documented (Chertry et al. 2021). Illegal logging is ongoing (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|2021-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|Present (unknown severity)
|Exploitation of non-timber forest products such as cane bamboo and ferns (Chetry et al. 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|1 Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Residential areas
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Habitat encroachment due to development activities and expansion of human settlements (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Present (unknown severity)
|Coal mining (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Expansion of roads and railroads cause habitat fragmentation and further encroachment (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
|Present (unknown severity)
|Hydroelectric projects are planned in the area (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Assam'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Forest department conducts patrols in protected areas in the state of Assam (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|NGO Aaranyak organizes talks in schools and universities and promotes visits to sanctuaries to see gibbons (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
|Aaranyak supports alternative income generation through the distribution of handlooms, beekeeping and mushroom cultivation training, as well as poultry and ducks (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|
|Ongoing (2023)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges =

Lack of long-term funding for continuity of conservation activities and lack of a national gibbon action plan, which exists for other endangered species in the country, but not for gibbons (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Assam'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.4 Lack of continuous/long-term funding
|Chetry pers. comm. 2023
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.2 Lack of government support
|Chetry pers. comm. 2023
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Assam'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

Multiple studies have been conducted in Assam to investigate the status of gibbons and other primates present in the area (Chetry et al. 2021, Kakati et al. 2009, Choudhury 2009, Sarma et al. 2021).

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Assam'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

[https://aaranyak.org/default.asp Aaranyak]

= References =

Chetry, D., Phukan, M., Chetry, S., Baruah, B., Deka, J. R., Das, A. K., ... & Bhattacharjee, P. C. (2021). The Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock leuconedys Population in Assam, India, is on the Verge of Extinction. Primate Conservation, (35).https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26187.52005

Choudhury, A. (2009). The distribution, status and conservation of hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Karbi Anglong district, Assam, Northeast India. Primate Conservation, 24(1), 117-126.

Kakati, K., Raghavan, R., Chellam, R., Qureshi, Q., & Chivers, D. J. (2009). Status of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) populations in fragmented forests of eastern Assam. Primate Conservation, 24(1), 127-137.

Mazumder, M. K. (2014). Diversity, habitat preferences, and conservation of the primates of southern Assam, India: The story of a primate paradise. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 7(4), 347-354.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.10.001

Sarma, K., Saikia, M. K., Sarania, B., Basumatary, H., Baruah, S. S., Saikia, B. P., ... & Saikia, P. K. (2021). Habitat monitoring and conservation prioritization of Western Hoolock Gibbon in upper Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India. Scientific reports, 11(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94844-8

'''Page created by: '''Dilip Chetry & APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-10-04