Bili-Uéré-Mbomu Complex - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:52, 15 October 2026

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	<span id="R00148"></span>Lushimba, A. (2018, July 5). Enhancing management and security in Bili-Uele. African Wildlife Foundation. https://www.awf.org/blog/enhancing-management-and-security-bili-uele		<span id="R00148"></span>Lushimba, A. (2018, July 5). Enhancing management and security in Bili-Uele. African Wildlife Foundation. https://www.awf.org/blog/enhancing-management-and-security-bili-uele

	<span id="R02153"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02153"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

WikiEdit at 14:33, 15 October 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:33, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R00148"></span>Lushimba, A. (2018, July 5). Enhancing management and security in Bili-Uele. African Wildlife Foundation. https://www.awf.org/blog/enhancing-management-and-security-bili-uele		<span id="R00148"></span>Lushimba, A. (2018, July 5). Enhancing management and security in Bili-Uele. African Wildlife Foundation. https://www.awf.org/blog/enhancing-management-and-security-bili-uele

	<span id="R02153"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02153"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

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	= Challenges =		= Challenges =

	Lawlessness, corruption and inaccessibility hinder conservation work. Fortunately human impact and population density remain low ([[#R00138\|Hicks et al. ~~2010~~]]).		Lawlessness, corruption and inaccessibility hinder conservation work. Fortunately human impact and population density remain low ([[#R00138\|Hicks et al. 2010b]]).

	'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bili-Uéré-Mbomu Complex'''		'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bili-Uéré-Mbomu Complex'''
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	= Research activities =		= Research activities =

	Hicks and team conducted surveys to estimate chimpanzee population densities ([[#R00141\|Hicks et al. 2014]]). In addition they published papers on chimpanzee conservation in the area ([[#R00138\|Hicks et al. ~~2010~~]]), behaviors ([[#R00139\|Hicks et al. 2012]] and 2013), material culture ([[#R00143\|Hicks et al. 2019a]] and 2020) and faunivory ([[#R00144\|Hicks et al. 2019b]]).		Hicks and team conducted surveys to estimate chimpanzee population densities ([[#R00141\|Hicks et al. 2014]]). In addition they published papers on chimpanzee conservation in the area ([[#R00138\|Hicks et al. 2010b]]), behaviors ([[#R00139\|Hicks et al. 2012]] and 2013), material culture ([[#R00143\|Hicks et al. 2019a]] and 2020) and faunivory ([[#R00144\|Hicks et al. 2019b]]).
	Although the area hosts a wide diversity of habitats of high conservation value, comprehensive biological surveys have yet to be conducted. Existing information is fragmented and limited, particularly for taxa such as birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Despite these gaps, available data confirm that KBA status is triggered by several threatened species on the IUCN Red List, including chimpanzees, African golden cat, leopard, giant pangolin, white-bellied pangolin, forest elephant, and the African soft-shell turtle ([[#R00146\|KBA 2025a]], [[#R00147\|KBA 2025b]]).		Although the area hosts a wide diversity of habitats of high conservation value, comprehensive biological surveys have yet to be conducted. Existing information is fragmented and limited, particularly for taxa such as birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Despite these gaps, available data confirm that KBA status is triggered by several threatened species on the IUCN Red List, including chimpanzees, African golden cat, leopard, giant pangolin, white-bellied pangolin, forest elephant, and the African soft-shell turtle ([[#R00146\|KBA 2025a]], [[#R00147\|KBA 2025b]]).

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	<span id="R00137"></span>Hicks, T. C. (2010a). A chimpanzee mega-culture: Exploring behavioral continuity in Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii across northern DR Congo [Doctoral dissertation, University of Amsterdam].		<span id="R00137"></span>Hicks, T. C. (2010a). A chimpanzee mega-culture: Exploring behavioral continuity in Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii across northern DR Congo [Doctoral dissertation, University of Amsterdam].

	<span id="R00138"></span>Hicks, T. C., Darby, L., Hart, J., Swinkels, J., January, N., & Menken, S. (2010b). Trade in orphans and bushmeat threatens one of the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s most important populations of eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). African Primates, 7(1), 1–18.		<span id="R00138"></span>Hicks, T. C., Darby, L., Hart, J., Swinkels, J., January, N., & Menken, S. (2010b). Trade in orphans and bushmeat threatens one of the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s most important populations of eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). African Primates, 7(1), 1–18. [http://www.primate-sg.org/african-primates-volume-7-1/ link]

	<span id="R00139"></span>Hicks, T. C., Roessingh, P., & Menken, S. B. J. (2012). Reactions of Bili‐Uele Chimpanzees to Humans in Relation to Their Distance From Roads and Villages. ''American Journal of Primatology'', 74(8), 721-733. [https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22023 doi:10.1002/ajp.22023]		<span id="R00139"></span>Hicks, T. C., Roessingh, P., & Menken, S. B. J. (2012). Reactions of Bili‐Uele Chimpanzees to Humans in Relation to Their Distance From Roads and Villages. ''American Journal of Primatology'', 74(8), 721-733. [https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22023 doi:10.1002/ajp.22023]
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	<span id="R00142"></span>Hicks, T. C. (2016). A leopard’s breakfast interrupted: Further explorations of a Congolese wilderness. In M. Guttman (Ed.), We discover. Pronoun Books.		<span id="R00142"></span>Hicks, T. C. (2016). A leopard’s breakfast interrupted: Further explorations of a Congolese wilderness. In M. Guttman (Ed.), We discover. Pronoun Books.

	<span id="R00143"></span>Hicks, T. C., Kühl, H. S., Boesch, C., Dieguez, P., Ayimisin, A. E., Fernandez, R. M., Zungawa, D. B., Kambere, M., Swinkels, J., Menken, S. B. J., Hart, J., Mundry, R., & Roessingh, R. (2019a). Bili-Uéré: A chimpanzee behavioral realm in northern DR Congo. Folia Primatologica, 90, 3–64.		<span id="R00143"></span>Hicks, T. C., Kühl, H. S., Boesch, C., Dieguez, P., Ayimisin, A. E., Fernandez, R. M., Zungawa, D. B., Kambere, M., Swinkels, J., Menken, S. B. J., Hart, J., Mundry, R., & Roessingh, R. (2019a). Bili-Uéré: A chimpanzee behavioral realm in northern DR Congo. Folia Primatologica, 90, 3–64. [https://doi.org/10.1159/000492998 doi:10.1159/000492998]

	<span id="R00144"></span>Hicks, T. C., Menken, S. B. J., Laudisoit, A., & Hart, J. (2019b). Handling and consumption of vertebrate prey by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in northern DR Congo. In M. L. Jensvold (Ed.), Chimpanzees: Classification, evolution and behavior (pp. 1–34). Nova.		<span id="R00144"></span>Hicks, T. C., Menken, S. B. J., Laudisoit, A., & Hart, J. (2019b). Handling and consumption of vertebrate prey by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in northern DR Congo. In M. L. Jensvold (Ed.), Chimpanzees: Classification, evolution and behavior (pp. 1–34). Nova.

WikiEdit at 20:26, 12 October 2026

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WikiEdit at 12:12, 3 September 2026

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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bili-Uéré-Mbomu Complex'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bili-Uéré-Mbomu Complex'''

WikiEdit at 14:43, 1 September 2026

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	= References =		= References =

	~~Lushimba, A. (2018, July 5). Enhancing management and security in Bili-Uele. African Wildlife Foundation. https://www.awf.org/blog/enhancing-management-and-security-bili-uele. <br>~~		Hicks, T. C. (2010a). A chimpanzee mega-culture: Exploring behavioral continuity in Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii across northern DR Congo [Doctoral dissertation, University of Amsterdam]. <br>
	Hicks, T. C. (2010a). A chimpanzee mega-culture. Exploring behavioral continuity in Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii across northern DR Congo. University of Amsterdam~~, Netherlands: PhD thesis. <br>~~
	Hicks, T. C., Darby, L., Hart, J., Swinkels, J., January, N., & Menken, S. (2010b). Trade in orphans and bushmeat threatens one of the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s most important populations of Eastern Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). African Primates, 7(1), 1-18. <br>
	Hicks, T. C., Roessingh, P., & Menken, S. B. (2012). Reactions of Bili‐Uele Chimpanzees to Humans in Relation to Their Distance From Roads and Villages. American Journal of Primatology, 74(8), 721-733. <br>
	Hicks, T. C., Roessingh, P., & Menken, S. B. (2013). Impact of humans on long-distance communication behaviour of eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Northern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Folia primatologica, 84(3-5), 135-156. <br>
	Hicks, T.C., Tranquilli, S., Kuehl, H., Campbell, G., Swinkels, J., Darby, L., Boesch, C., Hart, J. and Menken, S.B., (2014). Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence: discovery of a large, continuous population of Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii in the Central Uele region of northern DRC. Biological conservation, 171, pp.107-113. <br>
	~~Hicks, T. C. (2016). A Leopard’s Breakfast Interrupted: Further Explorations of a Congolese Wilderness. In We Discover. Marc Guttman, Editor. Pronoun Books. 370 pp. <br>~~
	Hicks T. C., Kühl H. S., Boesch C., Dieguez P., Ayimisin A. E., Fernandez R. M., Zungawa D. B., Kambere M., Swinkels J., Menken S. B. J., Hart J., Mundry R. & Roessingh R. (2019a). Bili-Uéré: A chimpanzee behavioral realm in Northern DR Congo. Folia Primatologica. 90: 3-64 <br>
	Hicks T. C., Menken S. B. J., Laudisoit A., Hart J. (2019b). Handling and consumption of vertebrate prey by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Northern DR Congo. In Chimpanzees: Classification, evolution and behavior. Mary Lee Jensvold (ed.). Nova. Pp. 1-34. <br>
	Hicks, Thurston C., Hjalmar S. Kühl, Christophe Boesch, Steph BJ Menken, John Hart, Peter Roessingh, Corneille Ewango, and Roger Mundry (2020). The Relationship Between Tool Use and Prey Availability in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of Northern Democratic Republic of Congo (advance online).International Journal of Primatology. <br>
	Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership (2025a) Key Biodiversity Areas factsheet: Bili-Ueré Hunting Domain. Extracted from the World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas. Developed by the Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership: BirdLife International, IUCN, American Bird Conservancy, Amphibian Survival Alliance, Conservation International, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Global Environment Facility, Re:wild, NatureServe, Rainforest Trust, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, World Wildlife Fund and Wildlife Conservation Society. Downloaded from https://keybiodiversityareas.org/ on Aug 14, 2025. <br>
	Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership (2025b) Key Biodiversity Areas factsheet: Bomu wildlife and hunting reserve. Extracted from the World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas. Developed by the Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership: BirdLife International, IUCN, American Bird Conservancy, Amphibian Survival Alliance, Conservation International, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Global Environment Facility, Re:wild, NatureServe, Rainforest Trust, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, World Wildlife Fund and Wildlife Conservation Society. Downloaded from https://keybiodiversityareas.org/ on Aug 14, 2025. <br>

			Hicks, T. C., Darby, L., Hart, J., Swinkels, J., January, N., & Menken, S. (2010b). Trade in orphans and bushmeat threatens one of the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s most important populations of eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). African Primates, 7(1), 1–18. <br>

			Hicks, T. C., Roessingh, P., & Menken, S. B. (2012). Reactions of Bili-Uele chimpanzees to humans in relation to their distance from roads and villages. American Journal of Primatology, 74(8), 721–733. <br>

			Hicks, T. C., Roessingh, P., & Menken, S. B. (2013). Impact of humans on long-distance communication behaviour of eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the northern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Folia Primatologica, 84(3–5), 135–156. <br>

			Hicks, T. C., Tranquilli, S., Kuehl, H., Campbell, G., Swinkels, J., Darby, L., Boesch, C., Hart, J., & Menken, S. B. (2014). Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence: Discovery of a large, continuous population of Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii in the Central Uele region of northern DRC. Biological Conservation, 171, 107–113. <br>

			Hicks, T. C. (2016). A leopard’s breakfast interrupted: Further explorations of a Congolese wilderness. In M. Guttman (Ed.), We discover. Pronoun Books. <br>

			Hicks, T. C., Kühl, H. S., Boesch, C., Dieguez, P., Ayimisin, A. E., Fernandez, R. M., Zungawa, D. B., Kambere, M., Swinkels, J., Menken, S. B. J., Hart, J., Mundry, R., & Roessingh, R. (2019a). Bili-Uéré: A chimpanzee behavioral realm in northern DR Congo. Folia Primatologica, 90, 3–64. <br>

			Hicks, T. C., Menken, S. B. J., Laudisoit, A., & Hart, J. (2019b). Handling and consumption of vertebrate prey by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in northern DR Congo. In M. L. Jensvold (Ed.), Chimpanzees: Classification, evolution and behavior (pp. 1–34). Nova. <br>

			Hicks, T. C., Kühl, H. S., Boesch, C., Menken, S. B. J., Hart, J., Roessingh, P., Ewango, C., & Mundry, R. (2020). The relationship between tool use and prey availability in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of northern Democratic Republic of Congo. International Journal of Primatology. <br>

			Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership. (2025a). Key Biodiversity Areas factsheet: Bili-Ueré Hunting Domain. Extracted from the World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas. Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership. https://keybiodiversityareas.org/ <br>

			Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership. (2025b). Key Biodiversity Areas factsheet: Bomu Wildlife and Hunting Reserve. Extracted from the World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas. Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership. https://keybiodiversityareas.org/ <br>

			Lushimba, A. (2018, July 5). Enhancing management and security in Bili-Uele. African Wildlife Foundation. https://www.awf.org/blog/enhancing-management-and-security-bili-uele <br>

WikiEdit at 09:23, 21 April 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 05:23, 21 April 2026
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	\|-		\|-
	\|1 Site management		\|1 Site management
	\|1.~~4 Conflict on land tenure~~		\|1.3 Corruption
	~~\|Hicks et al. 2016~~
	~~\|2010-Ongoing (2020)~~
	\|-
	~~\|4 Institutional support~~
	~~\|4.1 Lack of law enforcement~~
	\|Hicks et al. 2010; H.Bailey 2025		\|Hicks et al. 2010; H.Bailey 2025
	\|2010-Ongoing (2025)		\|2010-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|1 Site management		\|1 Site management
	\|1.~~3 Corruption~~		\|1.4 Conflict on land tenure
	\|Hicks et al. ~~2010; H.Bailey 2025~~		\|Hicks et al. 2016
	\|2010-Ongoing (~~2025~~)		\|2010-Ongoing (2020)
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
	\|2.~~3 General lack~~ of ~~funding~~		\|2.1 Lack of capacity/training
	\|H.Bailey 2025		\|Local logistics capacity (H.Bailey 2025)
	\|Ongoing (2025)		\|Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|2.2 Lack of staff		\|2.2 Lack of staff
	\|Lack of staff to cover the whole area (H.Bailey 2025)		\|Lack of staff to cover the whole area (H.Bailey 2025)
			\|Ongoing (2025)
			\|-
			\|2 Resources and capacity
			\|2.3 General lack of funding
			\|H.Bailey 2025
	\|Ongoing (2025)		\|Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|Ongoing (2025)		\|Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~2 Resources and capacity~~		\|4 Institutional support
	\|2.1 Lack of ~~capacity/training~~		\|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
	\|~~Local logistics capacity (~~H.Bailey 2025)		\|Hicks et al. 2010; H.Bailey 2025
	\|Ongoing (2025)		\|2010-Ongoing (2025)
	\|}		\|}

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	* Key threats to chimpanzees are mining, poaching, trafficking of infants, and agricultural activities.		* Key threats to chimpanzees are mining, poaching, trafficking of infants, and agricultural activities.
	* Conservation activities implemented at the site include forest patrols, community conservation activities focusing on agro-pastoral alternatives to bushmeat and household revenue diversification, and participatory landscape planning.		* Conservation activities implemented at the site include forest patrols, community conservation activities focusing on agro-pastoral alternatives to bushmeat and household revenue diversification, and participatory landscape planning.





	[[File: ANaive_Adult_Male_Gangu_-_Screenshot_Cleve_Hicks.jpg \| 300px \| thumb\| none \| Naive adult male chimpanzee in the Gangu Forest, Bili © Cleve Hicks/The Wasmoeth Wildlife Foundation]]		[[File: ANaive_Adult_Male_Gangu_-_Screenshot_Cleve_Hicks.jpg \| 300px \| thumb\| none \| Naive adult male chimpanzee in the Gangu Forest, Bili © Cleve Hicks/The Wasmoeth Wildlife Foundation]]
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	\|2004-Ongoing (2025)		\|2004-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~5 Biological resource use~~		\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
	\|5.~~1.1 Subsistence bushmeat hunting~~		\|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
	\|~~Medium~~ (~~30-70% of population affected~~)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|~~Bushmeat hunting~~ (~~Hicks et al. 2010b~~, ~~Hicks et al. 2012). Hunting is widespread and mainly for subsistence (~~H.Bailey 2025).		\|Pastoralists are frequently present in the site (KBA 2025b, H.Bailey 2025).
	\|~~2004-~~Ongoing (2025)		\|Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|3 Energy production & mining		\|3 Energy production & mining
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	\|2007-Ongoing (2025)		\|2007-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~2 Agriculture & aquaculture~~		\|5 Biological resource use
	\|2.~~3 Livestock farming & ranching~~		\|5.1.1 Subsistence bushmeat hunting
	\|~~Present~~ (~~unknown severity~~)		\|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
	\|~~Pastoralists are frequently present in the site~~ (~~KBA 2025b~~, H.Bailey 2025).		\|Bushmeat hunting (Hicks et al. 2010b, Hicks et al. 2012). Hunting is widespread and mainly for subsistence (H.Bailey 2025).
	\|Ongoing (2025)		\|2004-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
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	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
	\|~~Other~~		\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
	\|Low (up to 30% of population affected)		\|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
	\|Trees are sometimes cut down to harvest honey (H.Bailey 2025).		\|Trees are sometimes cut down to harvest honey (H.Bailey 2025).

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	\|The area is legally protected and co-managed by the ICCN and AWF.		\|The area is legally protected and co-managed by the ICCN and AWF.
	\|African Wildlife Foundation, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature		\|African Wildlife Foundation, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature
	\|1974-Ongoing (~~2025~~)		\|1974-Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Protection & restoration		\|5 Protection & restoration

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@@ Line 161: / Line 161: @@
 !Implementing organization(s)
 !Year of activity
 |-
 |1 Development impact mitigation
@@ Line 173: / Line 167: @@
+|
 |2002-2007
 |-
 |2 Counter-wildlife crime
@@ Line 179: / Line 179: @@
 |African Wildlife Foundation, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature
 |2012-Ongoing (2025)
 |-
 |4 Education & awareness
@@ Line 197: / Line 185: @@
 |African Wildlife Foundation
 |Ongoing (2025)
 |-
 |5 Protection & restoration
@@ Line 209: / Line 203: @@
 |African Wildlife Foundation
 |Ongoing (2025)
 |-
 |7 Economic & other incentives