Bossou - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:52, 15 October 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 17:52, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R00210"></span>Whiten, A., Goodall, J., McGrew, W. C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., …, & Boesch, C. (1999). Cultures in chimpanzees. ''Nature'', 399(6737), 682-685. [https://doi.org/10.1038/21415 doi:10.1038/21415]		<span id="R00210"></span>Whiten, A., Goodall, J., McGrew, W. C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., …, & Boesch, C. (1999). Cultures in chimpanzees. ''Nature'', 399(6737), 682-685. [https://doi.org/10.1038/21415 doi:10.1038/21415]

	<span id="R02158"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02158"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2019-07-19		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2019-07-19

WikiEdit at 14:33, 15 October 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:33, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R00210"></span>Whiten, A., Goodall, J., McGrew, W. C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., …, & Boesch, C. (1999). Cultures in chimpanzees. ''Nature'', 399(6737), 682-685. [https://doi.org/10.1038/21415 doi:10.1038/21415]		<span id="R00210"></span>Whiten, A., Goodall, J., McGrew, W. C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., …, & Boesch, C. (1999). Cultures in chimpanzees. ''Nature'', 399(6737), 682-685. [https://doi.org/10.1038/21415 doi:10.1038/21415]

	<span id="R02158"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02158"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2019-07-19		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2019-07-19

WikiEdit at 19:08, 14 October 2026

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	\|Humle et al. 2011		\|[[#R00198\|Humle et al. 2011]]
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WikiEdit at 12:13, 3 September 2026

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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bossou'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bossou'''

WikiEdit at 14:43, 1 September 2026

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WikiEdit at 14:42, 25 March 2026

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	* The following conservation activities were implemented: establishing a habitat corridor and environmental education.		* The following conservation activities were implemented: establishing a habitat corridor and environmental education.
	* Bossou is one of the longest-running research sites on chimpanzees.		* Bossou is one of the longest-running research sites on chimpanzees.





	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =
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	!Description		!Description
	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
	\|-
	~~\|5 Biological resource use~~
	~~\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting~~
	~~\|High (more than 70% of population affected)~~
	~~\|most of the forest has been destroyed or degraded, especially when many people moved to the area during the Liberian civil war (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a)~~
	~~\|1989-2003~~
	\|-
	~~\|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases~~
	~~\|8.4 Pathogens~~
	~~\|Medium (30-70% of population affected)~~
	~~\|outbreak of flu-like respiratory disease killing five chimpanzees (Humle 2011b)~~
	~~\|2003~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|1 Residential & commercial development		\|1 Residential & commercial development
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	\|humans live in close proximity chimpanzees, but do not hunt them (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a)		\|humans live in close proximity chimpanzees, but do not hunt them (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a)
	\|Ongoing (2011)		\|Ongoing (2011)
			\|-
			\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
			\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|widespread agriculture (Hockings et al. 2012)
			\|Ongoing (2012)
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Transportation & service corridors		\|4 Transportation & service corridors
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	\|chimpanzees need to cross roads to move between habitat patches (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a)		\|chimpanzees need to cross roads to move between habitat patches (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a)
	\|Ongoing (2011)		\|Ongoing (2011)
			\|-
			\|5 Biological resource use
			\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|most of the forest has been destroyed or degraded, especially when many people moved to the area during the Liberian civil war (Matsuzawa et al. 2011a)
			\|1989-2003
	\|-		\|-
	\|7 Natural system modifications		\|7 Natural system modifications
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	\|Ongoing (2011)		\|Ongoing (2011)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~2 Agriculture~~ & ~~aquaculture~~		\|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
	\|2.~~1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops~~		\|8.4 Pathogens
	\|~~High~~ (~~more than~~ 70% of population affected)		\|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
	\|~~widespread agriculture~~ (~~Hockings et al. 2012~~)		\|outbreak of flu-like respiratory disease killing five chimpanzees (Humle 2011b)
	\|~~Ongoing (2012)~~		\|2003
	\|}		\|}

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	\|7 Economic & other incentives		\|7 Economic & other incentives
	\|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)		\|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
	\|~~financial~~ support for the construction of schools and latrines, material donations to schools (Humle 2011c)		\|Financial support for the construction of schools and latrines, material donations to schools (Humle 2011c)
	\|		\|
	\|1999-Ongoing (2011)		\|1999-Ongoing (2011)

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@@ Line 209: / Line 209: @@
 !Implementing organization(s)
 !Year of activity
 |-
 |4 Education & awareness
@@ Line 227: / Line 245: @@
+|
 |1999-Ongoing (2011)
 |}

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	<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Bossou.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly ~~inBossou~~]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Bossou.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly ~~inBossou~~]] </li></ul></div>		<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Bossou.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly in Bossou]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Bossou.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly in Bossou]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =

WikiEdit at 06:43, 6 November 2025

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← Older revision		Revision as of 02:43, 6 November 2025
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	* The following conservation activities were implemented: establishing a habitat corridor and environmental education.		* The following conservation activities were implemented: establishing a habitat corridor and environmental education.
	* Bossou is one of the longest-running research sites on chimpanzees.		* Bossou is one of the longest-running research sites on chimpanzees.



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	[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]		[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

	= Ape status =		= Ape status =

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	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|17		\|17.0
	\|Bossou		\|Bossou
	\|Full count		\|Full count
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	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|21		\|21.0
	\|Bossou		\|Bossou
	\|Full count		\|Full count
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	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|14		\|14.0
	\|Bossou		\|Bossou
	\|Full count		\|Full count
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	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|7		\|7.0
	\|Bossou		\|Bossou
	\|Full count		\|Full count
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	[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]		[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

	= Threats =		= Threats =

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	[[Threats]]		[[Threats]]

	= Conservation activities =		= Conservation activities =

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	[[Conservation activities]]		[[Conservation activities]]

	= Challenges =		= Challenges =

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	[[Challenges]]		[[Challenges]]

	= Enablers =		= Enablers =

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	[[Enablers]]		[[Enablers]]

	= Research activities =		= Research activities =

	Since 1976 research has been continuously conducted at Bossou covering a wide range of topics from ecology, demography and social organization, tool use, cognition, communication, culture, feeding behavior, genetics, and social behaviors (listed in more detail in Kormos et al. 2003, Matsuzawa et al. 2011b, The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba 2019). As chimpanzees at Bossou live in a landscape strongly impacted by anthropogenic activities, one focus of research activities was how chimpanzee are behaving in such a landscape, on crop-raiding behavior by chimpanzees and conflicts between chimpanzees and humans (e.g., Hockings et al. 2012, Hockings et al. 2010).		Since 1976 research has been continuously conducted at Bossou covering a wide range of topics from ecology, demography and social organization, tool use, cognition, communication, culture, feeding behavior, genetics, and social behaviors (listed in more detail in Kormos et al. 2003, Matsuzawa et al. 2011b, The chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba 2019). As chimpanzees at Bossou live in a landscape strongly impacted by anthropogenic activities, one focus of research activities was how chimpanzee are behaving in such a landscape, on crop-raiding behavior by chimpanzees and conflicts between chimpanzees and humans (e.g., Hockings et al. 2012, Hockings et al. 2010).


	= Documented behaviours =		= Documented behaviours =
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	[[Behaviours]]		[[Behaviours]]

	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

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	\|}		\|}


			<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Bossou.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly inBossou]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Bossou.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly inBossou]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =