Budongo-Bugoma corridor - Revision history

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	<span id="R02107"></span>Lester, J. D., Vigilant, L., Gratton, P., McCarthy, M. S., Barratt, C. D., Dieguez, P., …, & Arandjelovic, M. (2021). Recent genetic connectivity and clinal variation in chimpanzees. ''Communications Biology'', 4(1), 1-11. [https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-01806-x doi:10.1038/s42003-021-01806-x]		<span id="R02107"></span>Lester, J. D., Vigilant, L., Gratton, P., McCarthy, M. S., Barratt, C. D., Dieguez, P., …, & Arandjelovic, M. (2021). Recent genetic connectivity and clinal variation in chimpanzees. ''Communications Biology'', 4(1), 1-11. [https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-01806-x doi:10.1038/s42003-021-01806-x]

	<span id="R02162"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02162"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

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	<span id="R02107"></span>Lester, J. D., Vigilant, L., Gratton, P., McCarthy, M. S., Barratt, C. D., Dieguez, P., …, & Arandjelovic, M. (2021). Recent genetic connectivity and clinal variation in chimpanzees. ''Communications Biology'', 4(1), 1-11. [https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-01806-x doi:10.1038/s42003-021-01806-x]		<span id="R02107"></span>Lester, J. D., Vigilant, L., Gratton, P., McCarthy, M. S., Barratt, C. D., Dieguez, P., …, & Arandjelovic, M. (2021). Recent genetic connectivity and clinal variation in chimpanzees. ''Communications Biology'', 4(1), 1-11. [https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-01806-x doi:10.1038/s42003-021-01806-x]

	<span id="R02162"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02162"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

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	= Threats =		= Threats =

	Chimpanzees in the Budongo-Bugoma Corridor region are threatened principally by habitat loss, as remaining areas of riparian forest are logged for timber and converted for small-scale and commercial agriculture. In addition to commercially produced crops such as tobacco, rice and sugarcane ([[#R00234\|McLennan & Hill 2015]]), exotic timber is also widely grown, including species such as eucalyptus and Caribbean pine. Growing infrastructure, including the construction of paved roads for oil extraction, has increased the risks for chimpanzees, and chimpanzees have been killed regionally by vehicle traffic ([[#~~R00241~~\|McLennan & Asiimwe 2016, McLennan et al. 2021]]). Human-wildlife conflict presents another major threat to chimpanzee survival ([[#R00233\|McLennan & Hill 2012]]), and chimpanzees have been killed by illegal mantraps set in order to discourage crop feeding ([[#R00236\|McLennan et al. 2012]], [[#R00226\|Cibot et al. 2019]]). Disease risk also threatens chimpanzees; this risk includes respiratory diseases ([[#R00246\|Tusiime et al. 2024]]) as well as gastrointestinal parasites ([[#R00235\|McLennan et al. 2017]]; 2018, [[#R00227\|Cibot et al. 2021]])		Chimpanzees in the Budongo-Bugoma Corridor region are threatened principally by habitat loss, as remaining areas of riparian forest are logged for timber and converted for small-scale and commercial agriculture. In addition to commercially produced crops such as tobacco, rice and sugarcane ([[#R00234\|McLennan & Hill 2015]]), exotic timber is also widely grown, including species such as eucalyptus and Caribbean pine. Growing infrastructure, including the construction of paved roads for oil extraction, has increased the risks for chimpanzees, and chimpanzees have been killed regionally by vehicle traffic ([[#R02089\|McLennan & Asiimwe 2016]], [[#R00241\|McLennan et al. 2021]]). Human-wildlife conflict presents another major threat to chimpanzee survival ([[#R00233\|McLennan & Hill 2012]]), and chimpanzees have been killed by illegal mantraps set in order to discourage crop feeding ([[#R00236\|McLennan et al. 2012]], [[#R00226\|Cibot et al. 2019]]). Disease risk also threatens chimpanzees; this risk includes respiratory diseases ([[#R00246\|Tusiime et al. 2024]]) as well as gastrointestinal parasites ([[#R00235\|McLennan et al. 2017]]; 2018, [[#R00227\|Cibot et al. 2021]])

	'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Budongo-Bugoma corridor'''		'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Budongo-Bugoma corridor'''
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	= Research activities =		= Research activities =

	Six chimpanzee communities within the Budongo-Bugoma corridor are currently subjects of ongoing research and monitoring ([[#R00225\|BCCP 2024]]), including the long-term [[Bulindi Area]] study community (e.g. [[#R00240\|McLennan et al. 2019b]], [[#R00245\|Satsias et al. 2022]]). Other communities under study or long-term monitoring include the [[Kasokwa-Kityedo Forest Project]] ([[#R00244\|Reynolds et al. 2003]]), Kasongoire ([[#R00242\|Oxley 2019]]), Wagaisa ([[#~~R00228~~\|McCarthy et al. 2017, McLennan et al. 2021]]) and Mairirwe ([[#R00237\|McLennan et al. 2019a]]) communities. Locations of some of these communities are shown in [[#R00229\|McCarthy et al. (2015]], 2018).		Six chimpanzee communities within the Budongo-Bugoma corridor are currently subjects of ongoing research and monitoring ([[#R00225\|BCCP 2024]]), including the long-term [[Bulindi Area]] study community (e.g. [[#R00240\|McLennan et al. 2019b]], [[#R00245\|Satsias et al. 2022]]). Other communities under study or long-term monitoring include the [[Kasokwa-Kityedo Forest Project]] ([[#R00244\|Reynolds et al. 2003]]), Kasongoire ([[#R00242\|Oxley 2019]]), Wagaisa ([[#R00230\|McCarthy et al. 2017]], [[#R00241\|McLennan et al. 2021]]) and Mairirwe ([[#R00237\|McLennan et al. 2019a]]) communities. Locations of some of these communities are shown in [[#R00229\|McCarthy et al. (2015]], 2018).

	<div><ul> <li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Male_chimpanzee_in_a_pine_tree_in_the_Wagaisa_area_(photo_by_Jack_Lester)_2.jpg \| 350px \| thumb\| none \| Male chimpanzee in a pine tree in the Wagaisa area (photo by Jack Lester)]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Male_chimpanzees_eating_commercially_farmed_sugarcane,_Wagaisa_area_(Photo_by_Bulindi_Chimpanzee_&_Community_Project)_(1)_2.jpg \| 300px \| thumb\| none \|Male chimpanzees eating commercially farmed sugarcane, Wagaisa area (Photo by Bulindi Chimpanzee & Community Project)]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Chimpanzee_nests_in_exotic_eucalyptus_trees_(Photo_by_Matthew_McLennan)_(1)_2.jpg \| 200px \| thumb\| none \| Chimpanzee nests in exotic eucalyptus trees (Photo by Matthew McLennan)]]</ul></div>		<div><ul> <li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Male_chimpanzee_in_a_pine_tree_in_the_Wagaisa_area_(photo_by_Jack_Lester)_2.jpg \| 350px \| thumb\| none \| Male chimpanzee in a pine tree in the Wagaisa area (photo by Jack Lester)]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Male_chimpanzees_eating_commercially_farmed_sugarcane,_Wagaisa_area_(Photo_by_Bulindi_Chimpanzee_&_Community_Project)_(1)_2.jpg \| 300px \| thumb\| none \|Male chimpanzees eating commercially farmed sugarcane, Wagaisa area (Photo by Bulindi Chimpanzee & Community Project)]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Chimpanzee_nests_in_exotic_eucalyptus_trees_(Photo_by_Matthew_McLennan)_(1)_2.jpg \| 200px \| thumb\| none \| Chimpanzee nests in exotic eucalyptus trees (Photo by Matthew McLennan)]]</ul></div>

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WikiEdit at 20:26, 12 October 2026

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Show changes

WikiEdit at 12:13, 3 September 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 08:13, 3 September 2026
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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Budongo-Bugoma corridor'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Budongo-Bugoma corridor'''

WikiEdit at 14:43, 1 September 2026

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	= References =		= References =

	BCCP (2020). 2019 ~~Annual Report~~ to ~~Friends~~ & ~~Funders~~. Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project, Hoima, Uganda. <br>		BCCP. (2020). 2019 annual report to friends & funders. Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project, Hoima, Uganda. <br>
	BCCP (2024). 2024 ~~Progress Report~~ to ~~Friends~~ & ~~Funders~~. Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project, Hoima, Uganda. <br>
	Cibot, M., Le Roux, S., Rohen, J., & McLennan, M.R. (2019). Death of a trapped chimpanzee: ~~survival~~ and conservation of great apes in unprotected agricultural areas of Uganda. African Primates 13, ~~47-56~~. <br>		BCCP. (2024). 2024 progress report to friends & funders. Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project, Hoima, Uganda. <br>

			Cibot, M., Le Roux, S., Rohen, J., & McLennan, M. R. (2019). Death of a trapped chimpanzee: Survival and conservation of great apes in unprotected agricultural areas of Uganda. African Primates, 13, 47–56. <br>

	Cibot, M., McLennan, M. R., Kváč, M., Sak, B., Asiimwe, C., & Petrželková, K. (2021). Sparse evidence for Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia infections in humans, domesticated animals and wild nonhuman primates sharing a farm–forest mosaic landscape in Western Uganda. Pathogens, 10(8), 933. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080933 <br>		Cibot, M., McLennan, M. R., Kváč, M., Sak, B., Asiimwe, C., & Petrželková, K. (2021). Sparse evidence for Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia infections in humans, domesticated animals and wild nonhuman primates sharing a farm–forest mosaic landscape in Western Uganda. Pathogens, 10(8), 933. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080933 <br>
	McCarthy, M. S., & Lester, J. D. (2021). Consumption of cultivated subterranean plant organs by chimpanzees in a human-dominated landscape. Behaviour, 159(2), ~~171-186~~. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-bja10107 <br>
	McCarthy, M. S., Lester, J. D., Howe, E. J., Arandjelovic, M., Stanford, C. B., & Vigilant, L. (2015). Genetic censusing identifies an unexpectedly sizable population of an endangered large mammal in a fragmented forest landscape. BMC Ecology, 15(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-015-0052-x <br>		McCarthy, M. S., & Lester, J. D. (2021). Consumption of cultivated subterranean plant organs by chimpanzees in a human-dominated landscape. Behaviour, 159(2), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-bja10107 <br>
	McCarthy, M. S., Lester, J. D., & Stanford, C. B. (2017). Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) flexibly use introduced species for nesting and bark feeding in a human-dominated habitat. International Journal of Primatology, 38(2), ~~321-337~~. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-016-9916-y <br>
			McCarthy, M. S., Lester, J. D., Howe, E. J., Arandjelovic, M., Stanford, C. B., & Vigilant, L. (2015). Genetic censusing identifies an unexpectedly sizable population of an endangered large mammal in a fragmented forest landscape. BMC Ecology, 15(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-015-0052-x <br>

			McCarthy, M. S., Lester, J. D., & Stanford, C. B. (2017). Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) flexibly use introduced species for nesting and bark feeding in a human-dominated habitat. International Journal of Primatology, 38(2), 321–337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-016-9916-y <br>

	McCarthy, M. S., Lester, J. D., Langergraber, K. E., Stanford, C. B., & Vigilant, L. (2018). Genetic analysis suggests dispersal among chimpanzees in a fragmented forest landscape in Uganda. American Journal of Primatology, 80(9), e22902. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22902 <br>		McCarthy, M. S., Lester, J. D., Langergraber, K. E., Stanford, C. B., & Vigilant, L. (2018). Genetic analysis suggests dispersal among chimpanzees in a fragmented forest landscape in Uganda. American Journal of Primatology, 80(9), e22902. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22902 <br>
	McLennan, M.R. (2008). Beleaguered chimpanzees in the agricultural district of Hoima, Western Uganda. Primate Conservation 23, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1896/052.023.0105 <br>
	~~McLennan, M.R. & Asiimwe, C. (2016). Cars kill chimpanzees: case report of a wild chimpanzee killed on a road at Bulindi, Uganda. Primates 57, 377-388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-016-0528-0 <br>~~		McLennan, M. R. (2008). Beleaguered chimpanzees in the agricultural district of Hoima, Western Uganda. Primate Conservation, 23, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1896/052.023.0105 <br>
	McLennan, M.R., Hasegawa, H., Bardi, M., & Huffman, M.A. (2017). Gastrointestinal parasite infections and self-medication in wild chimpanzees surviving in degraded forest fragments within an agricultural landscape mosaic in Uganda. PLoS ONE 12, e0180431. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180431 <br>
	~~McLennan, M.R.~~ & Hill, C.M. (2012). Troublesome neighbours: ~~changing~~ attitudes towards chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in a human-dominated landscape in Uganda. Journal for Nature Conservation 20, ~~219-227~~. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2012.03.002 <br>		McLennan, M. R., & Hill, C. M. (2012). Troublesome neighbours: Changing attitudes towards chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in a human-dominated landscape in Uganda. Journal for Nature Conservation, 20, 219–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2012.03.002 <br>
	McLennan, M.R. & Hill, C.M. (2015). Changing agricultural practices and human-chimpanzee interactions: ~~tobacco~~ and sugarcane farming in and around Bulindi, Uganda. In: Arcus Foundation, ~~ed.~~ State of the ~~Apes~~ Volume II: Industrial ~~Agriculture~~ and ~~Ape Conservation~~. ~~Cambridge, UK:~~ Cambridge University Press. <br>
	McLennan, M. R., ~~Hintz~~, B., ~~Kiiza~~, V., ~~Rohen~~, ~~J., Lorenti, G~~. A~~., & Hockings, K. J~~. (~~2021~~). ~~Surviving at the extreme: chimpanzee ranging is not restricted~~ in ~~a deforested human‐dominated~~ landscape in Uganda. ~~African Journal of Ecology~~, ~~59(1)~~, ~~17-28~~. https://doi.org/10.~~1111~~/~~aje~~.~~12803~~ <br>		McLennan, M. R., & Hill, C. M. (2015). Changing agricultural practices and human-chimpanzee interactions: Tobacco and sugarcane farming in and around Bulindi, Uganda. In Arcus Foundation (Ed.), State of the apes: Volume II: Industrial agriculture and ape conservation. Cambridge University Press. <br>
	McLennan, M. R., Hyeroba, D., Asiimwe, C., Reynolds, V., & Wallis, J. (2012). Chimpanzees in mantraps: ~~lethal~~ crop protection and conservation in Uganda. Oryx, 46(4), ~~598-603~~. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605312000592 <br>
	McLennan, M.R., Lorenti, G.A., Mugenyi, S., Muganzi, J., & Rohen, J. (2019a). ~~Digging for clues:~~ stick tools ~~used for honey digging~~ in ~~a second community of ‘forest fragment chimpanzees’ outside the Budongo and Bugoma Forests~~, Uganda. Revue de Primatologie, 10, https://doi.org/10.4000/primatologie.~~6718~~ <br>		McLennan, M. R., Hasegawa, H., Bardi, M., & Huffman, M. A. (2017). Gastrointestinal parasite infections and self-medication in wild chimpanzees surviving in degraded forest fragments within an agricultural landscape mosaic in Uganda. PLOS ONE, 12, e0180431. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180431 <br>
	McLennan, M. R., Lorenti, G. A., Sabiiti, T., & Bardi, M. (2020). Forest fragments become farmland: ~~dietary~~ response of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to ~~fast‐changing~~ anthropogenic landscapes. American Journal of Primatology, 82(4), e23090. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23090 <br>
	McLennan, M.R., Mori, H., Mahittikorn, A., Prasertbun, R., Hagiwara, K., & Huffman, M.A. (2018). Zoonotic enterobacterial pathogens detected in wild chimpanzees. ~~Ecohealth~~ 15, ~~143-147~~. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-017-1303-4 <br>		McLennan, M. R., Hyeroba, D., Asiimwe, C., Reynolds, V., & Wallis, J. (2012). Chimpanzees in mantraps: Lethal crop protection and conservation in Uganda. Oryx, 46(4), 598–603. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605312000592 <br>
	McLennan, M.R., Rohen, J., Satsias, Z., Sabiiti, T., Baruzaliire, J.-M., & Cibot, M. (2019b). ~~‘Customary’ use of stick~~ tools ~~by chimpanzees~~ in ~~Bulindi~~, Uganda~~: update and analysis of digging techniques from behavioural observations~~. Revue de Primatologie, 10, https://doi.org/10.4000/primatologie.~~6706~~ <br>
	Oxley, A. S. (2019). Great ape conservation in the matrix: Investigating the socio-ecological responses of chimpanzees living in a forest–farm mosaic, Uganda. Oxford Brookes University, UK ~~(unpublished doctoral dissertation)~~ <br>		McLennan, M. R., Lorenti, G. A., Mugenyi, S., Muganzi, J., & Rohen, J. (2019a). Customary use of stick tools by chimpanzees in Bulindi, Uganda: Update and analysis of digging techniques from behavioural observations. Revue de Primatologie, 10. https://doi.org/10.4000/primatologie.6706 <br>
	Plumptre, A.J. et al. (2010). Eastern ~~Chimpanzee~~ (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): Status ~~Survey~~ and ~~Conservation Action Plan~~, ~~2010-2020~~. IUCN~~, Switzerland~~. <br>
	Reynolds, V., Wallis, J., & Kyamanywa, R. (2003). Fragments, sugar, and chimpanzees in Masindi District, western Uganda. In L. K. Marsh (Ed.), Primates in fragments: Ecology and conservation (pp. 309–320). ~~USA:~~ Springer. <br>		McLennan, M. R., Lorenti, G. A., Sabiiti, T., & Bardi, M. (2020). Forest fragments become farmland: Dietary response of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to fast-changing anthropogenic landscapes. American Journal of Primatology, 82(4), e23090. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23090 <br>
	Satsias, Z.M., Silk, M.J., Hockings, K.J., Cibot, M., Rohen, J., & McLennan, M.R. (2022). Sex-specific responses to anthropogenic risk shape wild chimpanzee social networks in a human-~~Impacted~~ landscape. Animal Behaviour, 186, 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.01.016 <br>
	Tusiime, P., Weary, T., Pappas, T., Tuhaise, S., Akankwasa, J.W., Sempebwa, D., Otali, E., Asiimwe, C., McLennan, M.R., Kalema-Zikusoka, G., Ross, E., Gern, J., & Goldberg, T. (2024). Pediatric respiratory pathogens circulate in children and adults in communities near susceptible wild great ape populations in Uganda. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2024(1), 1771163. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1771163 <br>		McLennan, M. R., Mori, H., Mahittikorn, A., Prasertbun, R., Hagiwara, K., & Huffman, M. A. (2018). Zoonotic enterobacterial pathogens detected in wild chimpanzees. EcoHealth, 15, 143–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-017-1303-4 <br>
	Twongyirwe, R., Bithell, M., Richards, K. S., & Rees, W. G. (2015). Three decades of forest cover change in Uganda’s Northern Albertine Rift Landscape. Land Use Policy, 49, ~~236-251~~. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.07.013 <br>
			McLennan, M. R., Rohen, J., Satsias, Z., Sabiiti, T., Baruzaliire, J.-M., & Cibot, M. (2019b). Digging for clues: Stick tools used for honey digging in a second community of ‘forest fragment chimpanzees’ outside the Budongo and Bugoma Forests, Uganda. Revue de Primatologie, 10. https://doi.org/10.4000/primatologie.6718 <br>

			McLennan, M. R., Hintz, B., Kiiza, V., Rohen, J., Lorenti, G. A., & Hockings, K. J. (2021). Surviving at the extreme: Chimpanzee ranging is not restricted in a deforested human-dominated landscape in Uganda. African Journal of Ecology, 59(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12803 <br>

			Oxley, A. S. (2019). Great ape conservation in the matrix: Investigating the socio-ecological responses of chimpanzees living in a forest–farm mosaic, Uganda [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Oxford Brookes University, UK. <br>

			Plumptre, A. J., et al. (2010). Eastern chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): Status survey and conservation action plan, 2010–2020. IUCN. <br>

			Reynolds, V., Wallis, J., & Kyamanywa, R. (2003). Fragments, sugar, and chimpanzees in Masindi District, western Uganda. In L. K. Marsh (Ed.), Primates in fragments: Ecology and conservation (pp. 309–320). Springer. <br>

			Satsias, Z. M., Silk, M. J., Hockings, K. J., Cibot, M., Rohen, J., & McLennan, M. R. (2022). Sex-specific responses to anthropogenic risk shape wild chimpanzee social networks in a human-impacted landscape. Animal Behaviour, 186, 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.01.016 <br>

			Tusiime, P., Weary, T., Pappas, T., Tuhaise, S., Akankwasa, J. W., Sempebwa, D., Otali, E., Asiimwe, C., McLennan, M. R., Kalema-Zikusoka, G., Ross, E., Gern, J., & Goldberg, T. (2024). Pediatric respiratory pathogens circulate in children and adults in communities near susceptible wild great ape populations in Uganda. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2024(1), 1771163. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1771163 <br>

			Twongyirwe, R., Bithell, M., Richards, K. S., & Rees, W. G. (2015). Three decades of forest cover change in Uganda’s Northern Albertine Rift Landscape. Land Use Policy, 49, 236–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.07.013 <br>

WikiEdit at 14:42, 25 March 2026

2026-03-25T14:42:11Z

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 * Conservation activities have focused on improving livelihoods of local people and conserving and enriching remaining natural forest.
 * The site links the chimpanzee populations of [[Bugoma Central Forest Reserve]] and [[Budongo Central Forest Reserve]]
 [[File: Landscape_in_the_Budongo-Bugoma_region_(photo_by_Jack_Lester)_2.jpg | 300px | thumb| none | Landscape in the Budongo-Bugoma region © Jack Lester]]
 = Site characteristics =
@@ Line 93: / Line 89: @@
 !Year of threat
 |-
-|12 Other threat
+|1 Residential & commercial development
-|Other
+|1.2 Commercial & industrial areas
 |High (more than 70% of population affected)
-|Snare and trap injuries can result in lethal injuries. Traps are sometimes placed by farmers around agricultural gardens to reduce crop losses (McLennan 2008, McLennan et al. 2012, Cibot et al. 2019). 19% of individuals of one community in the corridor (Mairirwe community) exhibit limb deformities consistent with injuries caused by wire snares or steel traps (BCCP, unpublished data).
+|Hoima City - a fast-expanding urban centre, which was elevated from town to city status in 2020 - is situated in the centre of the Budongo-Bugoma corridor. The ranges of at least two chimpanzee communities reach the peri-urban outskirts of the city, including areas earmarked for industrialisation (McLennan et al. 2021).
-|2008-Ongoing (2024)
+|2020-Ongoing (2024)
 |-
 |2 Agriculture & aquaculture
@@ Line 104: / Line 100: @@
 |Habitat loss due to agricultural expansion for commercial and subsistence farming, leading to increased human-chimpanzee conflict (McLennan et al. 2012; McLennan & Hill 2015; Oxley 2019).
 |2012-Ongoing (2024)
 |-
 |2 Agriculture & aquaculture
@@ Line 146: / Line 118: @@
 |Risk of vehicle collision as chimpanzees frequently have to cross roads; further development of roads in connection to the construction of the oil pipeline (McLennan et al. 2021). At least two chimpanzees are known to have been killed in collisions with vehicles while crossing roads (McLennan & Asiimwe 2016, McLennan et al. 2021).
 |2020-Ongoing (2024)
 |-
 |5 Biological resource use
@@ Line 158: / Line 142: @@
 |Chimpanzees throughout the Budongo-Bugoma corridor encounter people working in gardens and agricultural fields, or engaged in other work activities (e.g. house building, carpentry, cattle herding), on a daily basis.
 |2020-Ongoing (2024)
 |-
 |9 Pollution

WikiEdit at 07:04, 6 November 2025

2025-11-06T07:04:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:04, 6 November 2025
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	<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Bugoma-Budongo_Corridor.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly ~~inBudongo~~-Bugoma corridor]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Bugoma-Budongo_Corridor.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly ~~inBudongo~~-Bugoma corridor]] </li></ul></div>		<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Bugoma-Budongo_Corridor.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly in Budongo-Bugoma corridor]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Bugoma-Budongo_Corridor.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly in Budongo-Bugoma corridor]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =

WikiEdit at 06:43, 6 November 2025

2025-11-06T06:43:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:43, 6 November 2025
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			<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Bugoma-Budongo_Corridor.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly inBudongo-Bugoma corridor]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Bugoma-Budongo_Corridor.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly inBudongo-Bugoma corridor]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:08, 14 October 2026
Line 179:		Line 179:
	\|1 Development impact mitigation		\|1 Development impact mitigation
	\|1.4 Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land		\|1.4 Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land
	\|BCCP has a coffee growing alternative livelihood project, providing coffee seedlings to farmers and guidance on 'best practice' coffee farming. In contrast to other cash crops (e.g. tobacco, rice and sugarcane), coffee is considered more 'chimpanzee friendly' because farmers establish coffee in existing gardens rather than cutting new gardens in forest or wetlands, and chimpanzees and other primates rarely eat from the coffee plant. Coffee matures after 2-3 years and the harvest can contribute significantly to household incomes ([[#~~R00224~~\|BCCP ~~2020~~]]~~, 2024~~).		\|BCCP has a coffee growing alternative livelihood project, providing coffee seedlings to farmers and guidance on 'best practice' coffee farming. In contrast to other cash crops (e.g. tobacco, rice and sugarcane), coffee is considered more 'chimpanzee friendly' because farmers establish coffee in existing gardens rather than cutting new gardens in forest or wetlands, and chimpanzees and other primates rarely eat from the coffee plant. Coffee matures after 2-3 years and the harvest can contribute significantly to household incomes ([[#R00225\|BCCP 2024]]).
	\|Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project		\|Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project
	\|2020-Ongoing (2024)		\|2020-Ongoing (2024)
Line 191:		Line 191:
	\|4 Education & awareness		\|4 Education & awareness
	\|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use		\|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
	\|BCCP implements a conservation outreach programme in villages throughout the Budongo-Bugoma corridor. The aim is to provide accurate information to residents about chimpanzees and related environmental issues, answer questions and address misconceptions, mitigate conflicts, and directly address concerns people have about living near chimpanzees. BCCP provides conservation outreach for schoolchildren in local schools. The program aims to foster interest, empathy, and understanding of chimpanzees, interest in tree planting and awareness of importance of natural forest, and promotes 'safe' behavior for children encountering chimpanzees ([[#~~R00224~~\|BCCP ~~2020~~]]~~, 2024~~).		\|BCCP implements a conservation outreach programme in villages throughout the Budongo-Bugoma corridor. The aim is to provide accurate information to residents about chimpanzees and related environmental issues, answer questions and address misconceptions, mitigate conflicts, and directly address concerns people have about living near chimpanzees. BCCP provides conservation outreach for schoolchildren in local schools. The program aims to foster interest, empathy, and understanding of chimpanzees, interest in tree planting and awareness of importance of natural forest, and promotes 'safe' behavior for children encountering chimpanzees ([[#R00225\|BCCP 2024]]).
	\|Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project		\|Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project
	\|2020-Ongoing (2024)		\|2020-Ongoing (2024)
Line 209:		Line 209:
	\|7 Economic & other incentives		\|7 Economic & other incentives
	\|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)		\|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
	\|BCCP sponsors women’s business savings programs to boost family incomes via environmentally-friendly household projects ([[#~~R00224~~\|BCCP ~~2020~~]]~~, 2024~~).		\|BCCP sponsors women’s business savings programs to boost family incomes via environmentally-friendly household projects ([[#R00225\|BCCP 2024]]).
	\|Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project		\|Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project
	\|2020-Ongoing (2024)		\|2020-Ongoing (2024)
Line 215:		Line 215:
	\|7 Economic & other incentives		\|7 Economic & other incentives
	\|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)		\|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
	\|BCCP installs village water boreholes, builds energy stoves, and sponsors schoolchildren from forest-owning families ([[#~~R00224~~\|BCCP ~~2020~~]]~~, 2024~~). Woodlots provided for local households provide an alternative source of wood and alternative income from timber sales, reducing reliance on remaining natural forest (BCP 2020).		\|BCCP installs village water boreholes, builds energy stoves, and sponsors schoolchildren from forest-owning families ([[#R00225\|BCCP 2024]]). Woodlots provided for local households provide an alternative source of wood and alternative income from timber sales, reducing reliance on remaining natural forest (BCP 2020).
	\|Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project		\|Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project
	\|2020-Ongoing (2024)		\|2020-Ongoing (2024)
Line 522:		Line 522:
	<span id="R00225"></span>BCCP. (2024). 2024 progress report to friends & funders. Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project, Hoima, Uganda.		<span id="R00225"></span>BCCP. (2024). 2024 progress report to friends & funders. Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project, Hoima, Uganda.

	<span id="R00226"></span>Cibot, M., Le Roux, S., Rohen, J., & McLennan, M. R. (2019). Death of a trapped chimpanzee: Survival and conservation of great apes in unprotected agricultural areas of Uganda. African Primates, 13, 47–56.		<span id="R00226"></span>Cibot, M., Le Roux, S., Rohen, J., & McLennan, M. R. (2019). Death of a trapped chimpanzee: Survival and conservation of great apes in unprotected agricultural areas of Uganda. African Primates, 13, 47–56. [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e4b38d64f1a0639b34f23220d1a5ac3a6f65db6a link]

	<span id="R00227"></span>Cibot, M., McLennan, M. R., Kváč, M., Sak, B., Asiimwe, C., & Petrželková, K. (2021). Sparse Evidence for Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia Infections in Humans, Domesticated Animals and Wild Nonhuman Primates Sharing a Farm–Forest Mosaic Landscape in Western Uganda. ''Pathogens'', 10(8), 933. [https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080933 doi:10.3390/pathogens10080933]		<span id="R00227"></span>Cibot, M., McLennan, M. R., Kváč, M., Sak, B., Asiimwe, C., & Petrželková, K. (2021). Sparse Evidence for Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia Infections in Humans, Domesticated Animals and Wild Nonhuman Primates Sharing a Farm–Forest Mosaic Landscape in Western Uganda. ''Pathogens'', 10(8), 933. [https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080933 doi:10.3390/pathogens10080933]