Campo Ma'an National Park - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:52, 15 October 2026

2026-10-15T21:52:32Z

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	<span id="R00327"></span>Zo'obo Engolo, G. M., Yaouba, B., Mbog Mbog, S., Ngoko, P. P., Memvi Abessolo, C. I., & Bitondo, D. (2025). Assessing the Impact of Development Projects on Wildlife Abundance in Campo-Ma’an National Park, Southern Cameroon, from 2008 to 2020. ''Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences'', 7(9), 106-123. [https://doi.org/10.30564/jees.v7i9.10974 doi:10.30564/jees.v7i9.10974]		<span id="R00327"></span>Zo'obo Engolo, G. M., Yaouba, B., Mbog Mbog, S., Ngoko, P. P., Memvi Abessolo, C. I., & Bitondo, D. (2025). Assessing the Impact of Development Projects on Wildlife Abundance in Campo-Ma’an National Park, Southern Cameroon, from 2008 to 2020. ''Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences'', 7(9), 106-123. [https://doi.org/10.30564/jees.v7i9.10974 doi:10.30564/jees.v7i9.10974]

	<span id="R02169"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02169"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R02023"></span>WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20220407124047/https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/ link]		<span id="R02023"></span>WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20220407124047/https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/ link]

WikiEdit at 14:33, 15 October 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:33, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R00327"></span>Zo'obo Engolo, G. M., Yaouba, B., Mbog Mbog, S., Ngoko, P. P., Memvi Abessolo, C. I., & Bitondo, D. (2025). Assessing the Impact of Development Projects on Wildlife Abundance in Campo-Ma’an National Park, Southern Cameroon, from 2008 to 2020. ''Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences'', 7(9), 106-123. [https://doi.org/10.30564/jees.v7i9.10974 doi:10.30564/jees.v7i9.10974]		<span id="R00327"></span>Zo'obo Engolo, G. M., Yaouba, B., Mbog Mbog, S., Ngoko, P. P., Memvi Abessolo, C. I., & Bitondo, D. (2025). Assessing the Impact of Development Projects on Wildlife Abundance in Campo-Ma’an National Park, Southern Cameroon, from 2008 to 2020. ''Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences'', 7(9), 106-123. [https://doi.org/10.30564/jees.v7i9.10974 doi:10.30564/jees.v7i9.10974]

	<span id="R02169"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02169"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R02023"></span>WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20220407124047/https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/ link]		<span id="R02023"></span>WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20220407124047/https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/ link]

WikiEdit at 19:08, 14 October 2026

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	<span id="R02169"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02169"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R02023"></span>WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/		<span id="R02023"></span>WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20220407124047/https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/ link]

WikiEdit at 20:26, 12 October 2026

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WikiEdit at 12:13, 3 September 2026

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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Campo Ma'an National Park'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Campo Ma'an National Park'''

WikiEdit at 14:44, 1 September 2026

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WikiEdit at 09:40, 14 July 2026

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WikiEdit at 14:42, 25 March 2026

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	* Large infrastructure projects, extractives and agro-industries are putting enormous pressure on the park.		* Large infrastructure projects, extractives and agro-industries are putting enormous pressure on the park.
	* Conservation activities have focused on patrolling the area and habituation of gorillas to strengthen the potential for ecotourism.		* Conservation activities have focused on patrolling the area and habituation of gorillas to strengthen the potential for ecotourism.






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	!Description		!Description
	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
	\|-
	~~\|5 Biological resource use~~
	~~\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals~~
	~~\|Present (unknown severity)~~
	\|Hunting pressure is relatively high, but it decreased by more than 50% from 2008 to 2014 (N'Goran 2017). There are also reports that poaching of mammals increased in the park between 2011 and 2020 (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025).
	~~\|2008-Ongoing (2020)~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture		\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
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	\|The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025). Expansion of palm oil plantations, since 2019 (Djoko et al. 2022).		\|The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025). Expansion of palm oil plantations, since 2019 (Djoko et al. 2022).
	\|2019-Ongoing (2025)		\|2019-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-
	~~\|7 Natural system modifications~~
	~~\|7.2 Dams & water management/use~~
	~~\|High (more than 70% of population affected)~~
	\|The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025).
	~~\|Ongoing (2020)~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|3 Energy production & mining		\|3 Energy production & mining
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	\|The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025).		\|The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025).
	\|Ongoing (2020)		\|Ongoing (2020)
			\|-
			\|5 Biological resource use
			\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
			\|Present (unknown severity)
			\|Hunting pressure is relatively high, but it decreased by more than 50% from 2008 to 2014 (N'Goran 2017). There are also reports that poaching of mammals increased in the park between 2011 and 2020 (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025).
			\|2008-Ongoing (2020)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
	\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting		\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
	\|~~present~~ (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|Logging activities in the forest management units reported (Djoko et al. 2022).		\|Logging activities in the forest management units reported (Djoko et al. 2022).
	\|2019-Ongoing (2022)		\|2019-Ongoing (2022)
			\|-
			\|7 Natural system modifications
			\|7.2 Dams & water management/use
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025).
			\|Ongoing (2020)
	\|}		\|}

WikiEdit at 07:24, 4 February 2026

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	\|-		\|-
	\|Type of governance		\|Type of governance
	\|		\|Governance by government
	\|}		\|}

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	\|2.1.3 Industrial farming (including palm oil)		\|2.1.3 Industrial farming (including palm oil)
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025).		\|The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025). Expansion of palm oil plantations, since 2019 (Djoko et al. 2022).
	\|Ongoing (~~2020~~)		\|2019-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|7 Natural system modifications		\|7 Natural system modifications
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	\|The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025).		\|The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025).
	\|Ongoing (2020)		\|Ongoing (2020)
			\|-
			\|5 Biological resource use
			\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
			\|present (unknown severity)
			\|Logging activities in the forest management units reported (Djoko et al. 2022).
			\|2019-Ongoing (2022)
	\|}		\|}

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	\|The site is a National Park.		\|The site is a National Park.
	\|MINFOF		\|MINFOF
	\|2000-Ongoing (~~2025~~)		\|2000-Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
	\|6 Species management		\|6 Species management
	\|6.1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers		\|6.1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers
	\|[https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/ WWF] supports a gorilla habituation programme.		\|[https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/ WWF] supports a gorilla habituation programme. Gorilla Habituation Project in the southwest region of the National Park, as efforts to make gorillas tolerant to human presence for research and possibly ecotourism (Collins 2022).
	\|WWF		\|WWF
	\|Ongoing (~~2011~~)		\|2011-Ongoing (2022)
			\|-
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
	\|}		\|}

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	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
	\|		\|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
	\|		\|Collins 2022
	\|		\|Ongoing (2022)
	\|-		\|-
	\|3 Engaged community		\|3 Engaged community
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	BirdLife International (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Campo Ma'an complex. Retrieved from http://www.birdlife.org on 25/11/2020. <br>		BirdLife International (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Campo Ma'an complex. Retrieved from http://www.birdlife.org on 25/11/2020. <br>
			Collins, E. (2022). Occupancy and activity of sympatric central chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in a multi‑use landscape, Campo Ma’an Conservation Area, Southern Cameroon (Master’s thesis, Concordia University). Spectrum Research Repository. https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/id/eprint/991723/ <br>
			Djoko, I. B., Weladji, R. B., Granados, A., Paré, P. and Body, G. 2022. Fruit availability influences forest elephant habitat use in a human dominated landscape, Campo-Ma’an, Southern Cameroon. Tropical Conservation Science, 15: 1–12. <br>
	Matthews A, Matthews A. Survey of gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in Southwestern Cameroon. Primates. 2004;45:15–24 <br>		Matthews A, Matthews A. Survey of gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in Southwestern Cameroon. Primates. 2004;45:15–24 <br>
	N'Goran, K.P. (2017). Summary Report on WWF BIOMONITORING activities from 2014 to 2016 Status of Forest Elephant and Great Apes in Central Africa Priority Sites. <br>		N'Goran, K.P. (2017). Summary Report on WWF BIOMONITORING activities from 2014 to 2016 Status of Forest Elephant and Great Apes in Central Africa Priority Sites. <br>

WikiEdit at 14:27, 23 December 2025

2025-12-23T14:27:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:27, 23 December 2025
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	!Implementing organization(s)		!Implementing organization(s)
	!Year of activity		!Year of activity
			\|-
			\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
			\|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
			\|Park guards conduct regular patrols to halt poaching and human encroachment ([https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/ WWF], WWF 2008).
			\|MINFOF (Campo Ma’an park team); WWF; AWF; local community patrols
			\|2008-Ongoing (2020)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Protection & restoration		\|5 Protection & restoration
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	\|MINFOF		\|MINFOF
	\|2000-Ongoing (2025)		\|2000-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-
	~~\|2 Counter-wildlife crime~~
	~~\|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols~~
	~~\|Park guards conduct regular patrols to halt poaching and human encroachment ([https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/ WWF], WWF 2008).~~
	~~\|MINFOF (Campo Ma’an park team); WWF; AWF; local community patrols~~
	~~\|2008-Ongoing (2020)~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|6 Species management		\|6 Species management