Cross River National Park - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:52, 15 October 2026

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	<span id="R00424"></span>PAPFor. (2024, May 10). Fact sheet: Nigeria – Cross River Landscape. https://www.papfor.org/IMG/pdf/fiche_papfor-cross_river_eng_10_maj_2024.pdf		<span id="R00424"></span>PAPFor. (2024, May 10). Fact sheet: Nigeria – Cross River Landscape. https://www.papfor.org/IMG/pdf/fiche_papfor-cross_river_eng_10_maj_2024.pdf

	<span id="R02177"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02177"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R01996"></span>WCS. https://nigeria.wcs.org/wild-places/cross-river-np-oban.aspx		<span id="R01996"></span>WCS. https://nigeria.wcs.org/wild-places/cross-river-np-oban.aspx

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	<span id="R00424"></span>PAPFor. (2024, May 10). Fact sheet: Nigeria – Cross River Landscape. https://www.papfor.org/IMG/pdf/fiche_papfor-cross_river_eng_10_maj_2024.pdf		<span id="R00424"></span>PAPFor. (2024, May 10). Fact sheet: Nigeria – Cross River Landscape. https://www.papfor.org/IMG/pdf/fiche_papfor-cross_river_eng_10_maj_2024.pdf

	<span id="R02177"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02177"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R01996"></span>WCS. https://nigeria.wcs.org/wild-places/cross-river-np-oban.aspx		<span id="R01996"></span>WCS. https://nigeria.wcs.org/wild-places/cross-river-np-oban.aspx

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	= References =		= References =

	<span id="R00418"></span>Adetola, B. O., & Adetoro, A. O. (2014). Threats to biodiversity conservation in Cross River National Park, Nigeria. International Journal of Conservation Science, 5(4), 547–552.		<span id="R00418"></span>Adetola, B. O., & Adetoro, A. O. (2014). Threats to biodiversity conservation in Cross River National Park, Nigeria. International Journal of Conservation Science, 5(4), 547–552. [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5ea4c37c7eb15bede61bc5dc008939c942bdf860 link]

	<span id="R00419"></span>Akpan, A. (2021, December 20). WCS trains Cross River forest rangers. The Guardian Nigeria. https://guardian.ng/news/wcs-trains-cross-river-forest-rangers/		<span id="R00419"></span>Akpan, A. (2021, December 20). WCS trains Cross River forest rangers. The Guardian Nigeria. https://guardian.ng/news/wcs-trains-cross-river-forest-rangers/

WikiEdit at 20:27, 12 October 2026

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Show changes

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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Cross River National Park'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Cross River National Park'''

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:44, 1 September 2026
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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''		\|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
	\|~~Unknown~~		\|2007
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|20-25		\|25-50
	\|~~Cross River National Park-Boshi Extension~~		\|Okwangwo Division
	\|~~Reconnaissance walk~~		\|Unknown
	\|		\|
	\|~~WCS as cited by Dunn~~ et al. ~~2014~~		\|Oates et al. 2007
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''		\|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
	\|~~2007~~		\|Unknown
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|25~~-50~~		\|20-25
	\|~~Okwangwo Division~~		\|Cross River National Park-Boshi Extension
	\|~~Unknown~~		\|Reconnaissance walk
	\|		\|
	\|~~Oates~~ et al. ~~2007~~		\|WCS as cited by Dunn et al. 2014
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	= References =		= References =

	Adetola, B.O. & Adetoro, A.O. (2014). Threats to biodiversity conservation in Cross River National Park, Nigeria. International Journal of Conservation Science, 5(4), ~~547-552~~. <br>		Adetola, B. O., & Adetoro, A. O. (2014). Threats to biodiversity conservation in Cross River National Park, Nigeria. International Journal of Conservation Science, 5(4), 547–552. <br>

	Akpan, A. (2021, December 20). WCS trains Cross River forest rangers. The Guardian Nigeria. https://guardian.ng/news/wcs-trains-cross-river-forest-rangers/ <br>		Akpan, A. (2021, December 20). WCS trains Cross River forest rangers. The Guardian Nigeria. https://guardian.ng/news/wcs-trains-cross-river-forest-rangers/ <br>
	~~BirdLife International (2020) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Cross River National Park (Oban Division). Retrieved from http://www.birdlife.org on 26/11/2020. <br>~~
	Dunn, A., Bergl, R., Byler, D., Eben-Ebai, S., Etiendem, D. N., Fotso, R., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2014). Revised regional action plan for the conservation of the Cross River Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) 2014–2019. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Wildlife Conservation Society. <br>
	Morgan, B.J. et al. 2011. Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of the Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Zoological Society of San Diego, CA,
	~~USA. <br>~~
	Oates JF, Sunderland-Groves J, Bergl R, Dunn A, Nicholas A, Takang E, Omeni F, Imong I, Fotso R, Nkembi L & Williamson EA. (2007). Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of the Cross River Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli). Oates J F, Sunderland-Groves Jacqueline, Bergl Richard, Dunn Andrew, Nicholas Aaron, Takang Ebai, Omeni Fidelis, Imong Inaoyom, Fotso Roger, Nkembi Louis, Williamson Liz (ed.). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Conservation International. <br>
	~~PAPFor. (2024, May 10). Fact Sheet: Nigeria – Cross River Landscape. https://www.papfor.org/IMG/pdf/fiche_papfor-cross_river_eng_10_maj_2024.pdf <br>~~

			BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Cross River National Park (Oban Division). Retrieved from http://www.birdlife.org on 26 November 2020. <br>

			Dunn, A., Bergl, R., Byler, D., Eben-Ebai, S., Etiendem, D. N., Fotso, R., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2014). Revised regional action plan for the conservation of the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) 2014–2019. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group & Wildlife Conservation Society. <br>

			Morgan, B. J., et al. (2011). Regional action plan for the conservation of the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group & Zoological Society of San Diego, CA, USA. <br>

			Oates, J. F., Sunderland-Groves, J., Bergl, R., Dunn, A., Nicholas, A., Takang, E., Omeni, F., Imong, I., Fotso, R., Nkembi, L., & Williamson, E. A. (2007). Regional action plan for the conservation of the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group & Conservation International. <br>

			PAPFor. (2024, May 10). Fact sheet: Nigeria – Cross River Landscape. https://www.papfor.org/IMG/pdf/fiche_papfor-cross_river_eng_10_maj_2024.pdf <br>



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-09-28		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-09-28

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	!Source		!Source
	!Year(s)		!Year(s)
			\|-
			\|1 Site management
			\|1.2 Need for improved coordination
			\|Dunn et al. 2014
			\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
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	\|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support		\|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support
	\|Adetola & Adetoro 2014, Dunn et al. 2014, Morgan et al. 2011		\|Adetola & Adetoro 2014, Dunn et al. 2014, Morgan et al. 2011
	\|
	\|-
	~~\|1 Site management~~
	~~\|1.2 Need for improved coordination~~
	~~\|Dunn et al. 2014~~
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}

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	* Poaching and illegal logging are the primary threats to great apes in the park.		* Poaching and illegal logging are the primary threats to great apes in the park.
	* Conservation activities have focused on reducing poaching by conducting patrols, removing snares, and providing sustainable alternative livelihoods e.g., snail farming.		* Conservation activities have focused on reducing poaching by conducting patrols, removing snares, and providing sustainable alternative livelihoods e.g., snail farming.






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	!Description		!Description
	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
			\|-
			\|1 Residential & commercial development
			\|1.1 Residential areas
			\|Present (unknown severity)
			\|In the Oban Division, human settlements along the Calabar to Ekang road has divided the are into two (Morgan et al. 2011).
			\|Ongoing (2011)
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture		\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
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	\|Collection of NTFPs such as bush mango is widespread and leads to the seasonal establishment of camps in the park that are also used by poachers (Dunn et al. 2014). Unsustainable harvesting methods contribute to deforestation and reduce food sources for wild animals, including gorillas (PAPFor 2024).		\|Collection of NTFPs such as bush mango is widespread and leads to the seasonal establishment of camps in the park that are also used by poachers (Dunn et al. 2014). Unsustainable harvesting methods contribute to deforestation and reduce food sources for wild animals, including gorillas (PAPFor 2024).
	\|2014-Ongoing (2024)		\|2014-Ongoing (2024)
	\|-
	~~\|1 Residential & commercial development~~
	~~\|1.1 Residential areas~~
	~~\|Present (unknown severity)~~
	~~\|In the Oban Division, human settlements along the Calabar to Ekang road has divided the are into two (Morgan et al. 2011).~~
	~~\|Ongoing (2011)~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use

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	\|The site is a National Park.		\|The site is a National Park.
	\|		\|
	\|1991-Ongoing (~~2025~~)		\|1991-Ongoing (2026)
	\|}		\|}

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	!Year of activity		!Year of activity
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~5 Protection & restoration~~		\|1 Development impact mitigation
	\|5.~~2 Legally protect ape habitat~~		\|1.4 Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land
	\|The ~~site is~~ a ~~National Park~~.		\|Since 2018, WCS has distributed 11,045 bush mango seedlings to women for planting on farmlands more sustainably, and rely less on collecting them from the forest. The PAPFor project also created 32 new nurseries in communities surrounding the park to raise 195,732 improved cocoa plants. In exchange for the seedlings farmers signed a ‘conservation contract’ and agreed to limit the expansion of cocoa into forest areas (PAPFor 2024).
	\|		\|Wildlife Conservation Society
	\|~~1991~~-~~Ongoing (2025)~~		\|2018-2024
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Counter-wildlife crime		\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
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	\|Wildlife Conservation Society		\|Wildlife Conservation Society
	\|2009-Ongoing (2016)		\|2009-Ongoing (2016)
			\|-
			\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
			\|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
			\|WCS has trained 25 hunters from around Okwangwo in bee keeping and the rearing of African giant snails in an attempt to provide them with an alternative source of income ([https://nigeria.wcs.org/wild-places/cross-river-np-okwangwo.aspx WCS]).
			\|Wildlife Conservation Society
			\|Unknown
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Counter-wildlife crime		\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
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	\|2014, 2019-Ongoing (2024)		\|2014, 2019-Ongoing (2024)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~1 Development impact mitigation~~		\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
	\|1.~~4 Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land~~		\|2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
	\|~~Since 2018, WCS has distributed 11,045 bush mango seedlings to women for planting on farmlands more sustainably, and rely less on collecting them from the forest~~. ~~The PAPFor project also created 32 new nurseries in communities surrounding the park to raise 195,732 improved cocoa plants~~. ~~In exchange for the seedlings farmers signed a ‘conservation contract’ and agreed~~ to ~~limit the expansion of cocoa into forest areas~~ (~~PAPFor 2024~~).		\|Dunn et al. 2014
			\|
			\|Ongoing (2014)
			\|-
			\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
			\|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
			\|WCS supports ranger training ([https://nigeria.wcs.org/wild-places/cross-river-np-okwangwo.aspx WCS], Akpan 2021).
	\|Wildlife Conservation Society		\|Wildlife Conservation Society
	\|~~2018-2024~~		\|2021
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Education & awareness		\|4 Education & awareness
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	\|2019-2024		\|2019-2024
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~2 Counter-wildlife crime~~		\|5 Protection & restoration
	~~\|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols~~		\|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
	\|~~WCS supports ranger training ([https://nigeria.wcs~~.~~org/wild-places/cross-river-np-okwangwo.aspx WCS], Akpan 2021).~~		\|The site is a National Park.
	~~\|Wildlife Conservation Society~~
	~~\|2021~~
	\|-
	\|2 ~~Counter-wildlife crime~~
	~~\|2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares~~
	\|~~Dunn et al~~. ~~2014~~
	\|		\|
	\|Ongoing (~~2014)~~		\|1991-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-
	~~\|2 Counter-wildlife crime~~
	~~\|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms~~
	\|WCS has trained 25 hunters from around Okwangwo in bee keeping and the rearing of African giant snails in an attempt to provide them with an alternative source of income ([https://nigeria.wcs.org/wild-places/cross-river-np-okwangwo.aspx WCS]).
	~~\|Wildlife Conservation Society~~
	~~\|Unknown~~
	\|}		\|}