Grebo-Krahn National Park - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:53, 15 October 2026

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	<span id="R00683"></span>Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2017. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2016.		<span id="R00683"></span>Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2017. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2016.

	<span id="R02208"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02208"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2019-08-30		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2019-08-30

WikiEdit at 14:34, 15 October 2026

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	<span id="R00678"></span>Kouakou, Y. C., Dowd, D., Tweh, C., Zoro Gone, B.I. I. B., Vergnes, V., Normand, E., & Boesch, C. (2014). Biomonitoring in the Proposed Grebo National Park, Liberia: REPORT ON PHASE 1 IN THE PROPOSED GREBO NATIONAL PARK (February-July 2014). Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) ;Forestry Development Authority (FDA).		<span id="R00678"></span>Kouakou, Y. C., Dowd, D., Tweh, C., Zoro Gone, B.I. I. B., Vergnes, V., Normand, E., & Boesch, C. (2014). Biomonitoring in the Proposed Grebo National Park, Liberia: REPORT ON PHASE 1 IN THE PROPOSED GREBO NATIONAL PARK (February-July 2014). Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) ;Forestry Development Authority (FDA).

	<span id="R00679"></span>Kühl, H. S., Sop, T., Williamson, E. A., Mundry, R., Brugière, D., Campbell, G., …, & Boesch, C. (2017). The Critically Endangered western chimpanzee declines by 80%. ''American Journal of Primatology'', 79(9). [https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22681 doi:10.1002/ajp.22681]		<span id="R00679"></span>Kühl, H. S., Sop, T., Williamson, E. A., Mundry, R., Brugière, D., Campbell, G., …, & Boesch, C. (2017). The Critically Endangered western chimpanzee declines by 80%. ''American Journal of Primatology'', 79(9), e22681. [https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22681 doi:10.1002/ajp.22681]

	<span id="R00680"></span>Tweh, C. G., Lormie, M. M., Kouakou, C. Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H. S., & Junker, J. (~~2014~~). Conservation status of ~~chimpanzeesPan~~ troglodytes ~~verusand~~ other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. ''Oryx'', 49(4), 710-718. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001191 doi:10.1017/s0030605313001191]		<span id="R00680"></span>Tweh, C. G., Lormie, M. M., Kouakou, C. Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H. S., & Junker, J. (2015). Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. ''Oryx'', 49(4), 710-718. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001191 doi:10.1017/s0030605313001191]

	<span id="R00681"></span>Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2019. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2018.		<span id="R00681"></span>Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2019. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2018.
Line 530:		Line 530:
	<span id="R00683"></span>Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2017. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2016.		<span id="R00683"></span>Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. 2017. Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa. Annual Report 2016.

	<span id="R02208"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02208"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2019-08-30		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2019-08-30

WikiEdit at 19:09, 14 October 2026

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	\|[[#R00677\|Kouakou et al. 2013]]		\|[[#R00677\|Kouakou et al. 2013]]
	\|Total survey effort: 51.5 km		\|Total survey effort: 51.5 km
	\|~~LBR0020~~		\|LBR0019
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan troglodytes verus''		\|''Pan troglodytes verus''

WikiEdit at 20:27, 12 October 2026

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Show changes

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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Grebo-Krahn National Park'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Grebo-Krahn National Park'''

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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan troglodytes verus''		\|''Pan troglodytes verus''
	\|~~2012~~		\|2015
	\|		\|
	\|		\|1.01
	\|0.10		\|0.230
	\|~~352~~ (~~214~~-~~578~~)		\|313 (186-449)
	\|Grebo National ~~Forest~~		\|Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve)
	\|Line transects		\|Line transects
	\|		\|
	\|~~Tweh~~ et al. ~~2014~~		\|Furnell et al. 2015
	\|		\|Total survey effort: 249.32 km
	\|
	\|-
	~~\|''Pan troglodytes verus''~~
	~~\|2012~~
	\|
	\|
	~~\|0.111~~
	~~\|412 (216-787)~~
	~~\|Grebo National Forest~~
	~~\|Line transects~~
	\|
	~~\|Kouakou et al. 2012~~
	\|Total survey effort: ~~178~~.21 km
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan troglodytes verus''		\|''Pan troglodytes verus''
	\|~~2015~~		\|2013
			\|
	\|		\|
	~~\|1.01~~		\|0.289
	\|0.~~230~~		\|341 (139-836)
	\|~~313~~ (~~186~~-~~449~~)
	\|Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve)		\|Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve)
	\|Line transects		\|Line transects
	\|		\|
	\|~~Furnell~~ et al. ~~2015~~		\|Kouakou et al. 2013
	\|Total survey effort: ~~249~~.32 km		\|Total survey effort: 51.5 km
			\|
			\|-
			\|''Pan troglodytes verus''
			\|2012
			\|
			\|
			\|0.10
			\|352 (214-578)
			\|Grebo National Forest
			\|Line transects
			\|
			\|Tweh et al. 2014
			\|
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan troglodytes verus''		\|''Pan troglodytes verus''
	\|~~2013~~		\|2012
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|0.~~289~~		\|0.111
	\|~~341~~ (~~139~~-~~836~~)		\|412 (216-787)
	\|~~Proposed~~ Grebo~~-Krahn~~ National ~~Park (including Glaro Native Reserve)~~		\|Grebo National Forest
	\|Line transects		\|Line transects
	\|		\|
	\|Kouakou et al. ~~2013~~		\|Kouakou et al. 2012
	\|Total survey effort: 51.5 km		\|Total survey effort: 178.21 km
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-

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	!Comments		!Comments
	!A.P.E.S. database ID		!A.P.E.S. database ID
	\|-
	~~\|''Pan troglodytes verus''~~
	~~\|2012~~
	\|
	\|
	~~\|0.111~~
	~~\|412 (216-787)~~
	~~\|Grebo National Forest~~
	~~\|Line transects~~
	\|
	~~\|Kouakou et al. 2012~~
	~~\|Total survey effort: 178.21 km~~
	\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan troglodytes verus''		\|''Pan troglodytes verus''
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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan troglodytes verus''		\|''Pan troglodytes verus''
	\|~~2013~~		\|2012
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|0.~~289~~		\|0.111
	\|~~341~~ (~~139~~-~~836~~)		\|412 (216-787)
	\|~~Proposed~~ Grebo~~-Krahn~~ National ~~Park (including Glaro Native Reserve)~~		\|Grebo National Forest
	\|Line transects		\|Line transects
	\|		\|
	\|Kouakou et al. ~~2013~~		\|Kouakou et al. 2012
	\|Total survey effort: 51.5 km		\|Total survey effort: 178.21 km
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|Furnell et al. 2015		\|Furnell et al. 2015
	\|Total survey effort: 249.32 km		\|Total survey effort: 249.32 km
			\|
			\|-
			\|''Pan troglodytes verus''
			\|2013
			\|
			\|
			\|0.289
			\|341 (139-836)
			\|Proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park (including Glaro Native Reserve)
			\|Line transects
			\|
			\|Kouakou et al. 2013
			\|Total survey effort: 51.5 km
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-

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	* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, illegal mining and farming activities.		* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, illegal mining and farming activities.
	* Conservation activities, led primarily by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF), have focused on law enforcement, awareness campaigns, and supporting sustainable small-scale aquaculture activities in local communities.		* Conservation activities, led primarily by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF), have focused on law enforcement, awareness campaigns, and supporting sustainable small-scale aquaculture activities in local communities.






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	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~5 Biological resource use~~		\|1 Residential & commercial development
	\|5.1 ~~Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals~~		\|1.1 Residential areas
	\|~~High~~ (~~more than 70~~% of population affected)		\|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
	\|~~Although hunting levels decreased in 2015 due to the Ebola outbreak, hunting for bushmeat continues to be a main threat in the site~~ (~~Barrie~~ et al. ~~2007, WCF 2017~~)		\|Illegal settlements (Furnell et al. 2015)
	\|~~2007-~~Ongoing (~~2017~~)		\|Ongoing (2015)
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture		\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
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	\|2015-Ongoing (2017)		\|2015-Ongoing (2017)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~1 Residential~~ & ~~commercial development~~		\|3 Energy production & mining
	\|1.~~1 Residential areas~~		\|3.2 Mining & quarrying
	\|~~Low~~ (~~up to~~ 30% of population affected)		\|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
	\|~~Illegal settlements~~ (~~Furnell et al. 2015~~)		\|Mining activities have increased (WCF 2017)
	\|Ongoing (~~2015~~)		\|Ongoing (2017)
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Transportation & service corridors		\|4 Transportation & service corridors
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	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
	\|5.~~3 Logging~~ & ~~wood harvesting~~		\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
	\|~~Low~~ (~~up to 30~~% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|~~Logging~~ (~~Furnell~~ et al. ~~2015)~~		\|Although hunting levels decreased in 2015 due to the Ebola outbreak, hunting for bushmeat continues to be a main threat in the site (Barrie et al. 2007, WCF 2017)
	~~\|Ongoing (2015)~~		\|2007-Ongoing (2017)
	\|-
	~~\|3 Energy production & mining~~
	~~\|3.2 Mining & quarrying~~
	~~\|Medium (30-70% of population affected)~~
	~~\|Mining activities have increased (~~WCF 2017)
	\|Ongoing (2017)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
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	\|Harvest of chewing stick (roots of ''Garcinia spp.'' (WCF 2017)		\|Harvest of chewing stick (roots of ''Garcinia spp.'' (WCF 2017)
	\|Ongoing (2017)		\|Ongoing (2017)
			\|-
			\|5 Biological resource use
			\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
			\|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
			\|Logging (Furnell et al. 2015)
			\|Ongoing (2015)
	\|-		\|-
	\|6 Human intrusions & disturbance		\|6 Human intrusions & disturbance

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	\|Grebo-Krahn National Park was established in 2017 (WCF 2018)		\|Grebo-Krahn National Park was established in 2017 (WCF 2018)
	\|		\|
	\|Ongoing (~~2017~~)		\|2017-Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Protection & restoration		\|5 Protection & restoration

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@@ Line 220: / Line 220: @@
 !Implementing organization(s)
 !Year of activity
 |-
 |2 Counter-wildlife crime
@@ Line 226: / Line 232: @@
+|
 |2016-Ongoing (2017)
 |-
 |2 Counter-wildlife crime
@@ Line 280: / Line 268: @@
+|
 |Ongoing (2019)
 |-
 |5 Protection & restoration