Imbak-Kalabakan - Revision history

WikiEdit at 20:28, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T20:28:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:28, 12 October 2026
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	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =

	The Imabalak-Kalabakan region is located in Malaysian Borneo, in the northeastern state of Sabah. The region comprises 2,175 sq.km of protected and 2,630 of unprotected areas (SWD 2020). The vegetation is characterised by a mixture of heath, lowland and upland mixed dipterocarp forests (Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019). Fragmented forests, such as the Brantian-Tantulit virgin jungle, the Ulu Kalumpang Forest Reserve, and oil palm and industrial tree plantations are found in the Kalabakan landscape, where land use continues to change (Phaik Imm et al. 2021).		The Imabalak-Kalabakan region is located in Malaysian Borneo, in the northeastern state of Sabah. The region comprises 2,175 sq.km of protected and 2,630 of unprotected areas ([[#R00771\|SWD 2020]]). The vegetation is characterised by a mixture of heath, lowland and upland mixed dipterocarp forests ([[#R00772\|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019]]). Fragmented forests, such as the Brantian-Tantulit virgin jungle, the Ulu Kalumpang Forest Reserve, and oil palm and industrial tree plantations are found in the Kalabakan landscape, where land use continues to change ([[#R00770\|Phaik Imm et al. 2021]]).

	'''Table 1. Basic site information for Imbak-Kalabakan'''		'''Table 1. Basic site information for Imbak-Kalabakan'''
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	= Ape status =		= Ape status =

	A 2017 survey revealed an enormous increase in population size in 15 years, from 313 to 1,570 orangutans (Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019). The population has remained sparse and dispersed over a large area. These higher densities may reflect immigration from adjacent land areas where there has been substantial clearance of forest between the two surveys. The larger population estimate was also due to more intensive survey efforts, and a substantial but scattered orangutan population was probably underestimated in the past (Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019).		A 2017 survey revealed an enormous increase in population size in 15 years, from 313 to 1,570 orangutans ([[#R00772\|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019]]). The population has remained sparse and dispersed over a large area. These higher densities may reflect immigration from adjacent land areas where there has been substantial clearance of forest between the two surveys. The larger population estimate was also due to more intensive survey efforts, and a substantial but scattered orangutan population was probably underestimated in the past ([[#R00772\|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019]]).

	'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Imbak-Kalabakan'''		'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Imbak-Kalabakan'''
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	\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)		\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
	\|		\|
	\|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019		\|[[#R00772\|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019]]
	\|
	\|		\|
			\|MYS0002
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''		\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
Line 81:		Line 81:
	\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)		\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
	\|		\|
	\|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019		\|[[#R00772\|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019]]
	\|
	\|		\|
			\|MYS0002
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''		\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
Line 94:		Line 94:
	\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)		\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
	\|		\|
	\|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019		\|[[#R00772\|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019]]
	\|
	\|		\|
			\|MYS0002
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''		\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
Line 107:		Line 107:
	\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)		\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
	\|		\|
	\|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019		\|[[#R00772\|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019]]
	\|
	\|		\|
			\|MYS0002
	\|}		\|}

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	= Threats =		= Threats =

	Habitat fragmentation and conflicts with people are the major threats to orangutans in the region (SWD 2020).		Habitat fragmentation and conflicts with people are the major threats to orangutans in the region ([[#R00771\|SWD 2020]]).

	'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Imbak-Kalabakan'''		'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Imbak-Kalabakan'''
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	\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops		\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Forest loss and fragmentation due to conversion of forest to agricultural land. In Sabah, palm oil accounted for 60% of forest conversion between 1973 and 2015 (SWD 2020).		\|Forest loss and fragmentation due to conversion of forest to agricultural land. In Sabah, palm oil accounted for 60% of forest conversion between 1973 and 2015 ([[#R00771\|SWD 2020]]).
	\|Ongoing (2020)		\|Ongoing (2020)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|2.2 Wood & pulp plantations		\|2.2 Wood & pulp plantations
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Plantations of Sabah Softwoods Berhad (SSB), an industrial tree plantation and oil palm plantation company, are situated within the Kalabakan landscape (Phaik Imm et al. 2021).		\|Plantations of Sabah Softwoods Berhad (SSB), an industrial tree plantation and oil palm plantation company, are situated within the Kalabakan landscape ([[#R00770\|Phaik Imm et al. 2021]]).
	\|Ongoing (2021)		\|Ongoing (2021)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|4.1 Roads & railroads		\|4.1 Roads & railroads
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|Roads, bridges, dams, and railways split populations into smaller subpopulations and give access to poachers and lead to human encroachment (SWD 2020).		\|Roads, bridges, dams, and railways split populations into smaller subpopulations and give access to poachers and lead to human encroachment ([[#R00771\|SWD 2020]]).
	\|Ongoing (2020)		\|Ongoing (2020)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals		\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Hunting due to conflict and for bushmeat (SWD 2020).		\|Hunting due to conflict and for bushmeat ([[#R00771\|SWD 2020]]).
	\|Ongoing (2020)		\|Ongoing (2020)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|5.1.5 Persecution/human wildlife conflict		\|5.1.5 Persecution/human wildlife conflict
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Hunting due to conflict and for bushmeat (SWD 2020).		\|Hunting due to conflict and for bushmeat ([[#R00771\|SWD 2020]]).
	\|Ongoing (2020)		\|Ongoing (2020)
	\|}		\|}
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	= References =		= References =

	Phaik Imm, C., Pei Hue, K., & Nathan, R. (2021). Can the Oil Palm Industry and Elephant Conservation Be Reconciled? A Case Study in Kalabakan, Sabah. Gajah, 53, 30-38. ~~<br>~~		<span id="R00770"></span>Phaik Imm, C., Pei Hue, K., & Nathan, R. (2021). Can the Oil Palm Industry and Elephant Conservation Be Reconciled? A Case Study in Kalabakan, Sabah. Gajah, 53, 30-38.

	Sabah Wildlife Department (SWD). (2020). Orangutan Action Plan for Sabah ~~2020-2029~~. Kota, Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. ~~<br>~~		<span id="R00771"></span>Sabah Wildlife Department (SWD) (2020). Orangutan Action Plan for Sabah 2020–2029. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia: Sabah Wildlife Department.

	Simon, D., Davies, G., & Ancrenaz, M. (2019). Changes to ~~Sabah's~~ orangutan population in recent times: ~~2002-2017~~. ~~PloS one~~, 14(7), e0218819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218819 ~~<br>~~		<span id="R00772"></span>Simon, D., Davies, G., & Ancrenaz, M. (2019). Changes to Sabah’s orangutan population in recent times: 2002–2017. ''PLOS ONE'', 14(7), e0218819. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218819 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218819]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-11-22		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-11-22

WikiEdit at 14:46, 1 September 2026

2026-09-01T14:46:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:46, 1 September 2026
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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''		\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
	\|~~2002-2003~~		\|2017
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|0.06 (0.02-0.19)		\|0.32 (0.21-0.48)
	\|~~262~~(80-~~860~~)		\|694 (458-1051)
	\|Imbak-Kalabakan, ~~Production~~ Forest		\|Imbak-Kalabakan, Protected Forest
	\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)		\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
	\|		\|
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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''		\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
	\|~~2002-2003~~		\|2017
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|0.06 (0.02-0.19)		\|0.33 (0.22-0.50)
	\|51 (17-~~166~~)		\|876 (579-1323)
	\|Imbak-Kalabakan, ~~Protected~~ Forest		\|Imbak-Kalabakan, Production Forest
	\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)		\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
	\|		\|
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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''		\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
	\|~~2017~~		\|2002-2003
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|0.32 (0.21-0.48)		\|0.06 (0.02-0.19)
	\|~~694~~ (~~458~~-~~1051~~)		\|262(80-860)
	\|Imbak-Kalabakan, ~~Protected~~ Forest		\|Imbak-Kalabakan, Production Forest
	\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)		\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
	\|		\|
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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''		\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
	\|~~2017~~		\|2002-2003
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|0.33 (0.22-0.50)		\|0.06 (0.02-0.19)
	\|~~876~~ (~~579~~-~~1323~~)		\|51 (17-166)
	\|Imbak-Kalabakan, ~~Production~~ Forest		\|Imbak-Kalabakan, Protected Forest
	\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)		\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
	\|		\|
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	= References =		= References =

	~~Simon~~, D., ~~Davies~~, G., & ~~Ancrenaz~~, M. (~~2019~~). ~~Changes to~~ Sabah~~'s orangutan population in recent times: 2002-2017~~. ~~PloS one~~, ~~14(7)~~, ~~e0218819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone~~.~~0218819~~		Phaik Imm, C., Pei Hue, K., & Nathan, R. (2021). Can the Oil Palm Industry and Elephant Conservation Be Reconciled? A Case Study in Kalabakan, Sabah. Gajah, 53, 30-38. <br>

	Sabah Wildlife Department (SWD). (2020). Orangutan Action Plan for Sabah 2020-2029. Kota, Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.		Sabah Wildlife Department (SWD). (2020). Orangutan Action Plan for Sabah 2020-2029. Kota, Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. <br>

	~~Phaik Imm~~, C., ~~Pei Hue~~, K., & ~~Nathan~~, R. (~~2021~~). ~~Can the Oil Palm Industry and Elephant Conservation Be Reconciled? A Case Study~~ in ~~Kalabakan, Sabah~~. ~~Gajah~~, 53, ~~30-38~~.		Simon, D., Davies, G., & Ancrenaz, M. (2019). Changes to Sabah's orangutan population in recent times: 2002-2017. PloS one, 14(7), e0218819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218819 <br>



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-11-22		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-11-22

WikiEdit at 09:42, 14 July 2026

2026-07-14T09:42:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:42, 14 July 2026
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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''		\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
	\|~~2017~~		\|2002-2003
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|0.33 (0.22-0.50)		\|0.06 (0.02-0.19)
	\|~~876~~ (~~579~~-~~1323~~)		\|51 (17-166)
	\|Imbak-Kalabakan, ~~Production~~ Forest		\|Imbak-Kalabakan, Protected Forest
	\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)		\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
	\|		\|
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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''		\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
	\|~~2002-2003~~		\|2017
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|0.06 (0.02-0.19)		\|0.32 (0.21-0.48)
	\|51 (17-~~166~~)		\|694 (458-1051)
	\|Imbak-Kalabakan, Protected Forest		\|Imbak-Kalabakan, Protected Forest
	\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)		\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
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	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|0.32 (0.21-0.48)		\|0.33 (0.22-0.50)
	\|~~694~~ (~~458~~-~~1051~~)		\|876 (579-1323)
	\|Imbak-Kalabakan, ~~Protected~~ Forest		\|Imbak-Kalabakan, Production Forest
	\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)		\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
	\|		\|

WikiEdit at 14:44, 25 March 2026

2026-03-25T14:44:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:44, 25 March 2026
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	* Key threats to orangutans are habitat fragmentation and human-orangutan conflict.		* Key threats to orangutans are habitat fragmentation and human-orangutan conflict.
	* Conservation activities are not documented.		* Conservation activities are not documented.





	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =
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	\|Forest loss and fragmentation due to conversion of forest to agricultural land. In Sabah, palm oil accounted for 60% of forest conversion between 1973 and 2015 (SWD 2020).		\|Forest loss and fragmentation due to conversion of forest to agricultural land. In Sabah, palm oil accounted for 60% of forest conversion between 1973 and 2015 (SWD 2020).
	\|Ongoing (2020)		\|Ongoing (2020)
			\|-
			\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
			\|2.2 Wood & pulp plantations
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|Plantations of Sabah Softwoods Berhad (SSB), an industrial tree plantation and oil palm plantation company, are situated within the Kalabakan landscape (Phaik Imm et al. 2021).
			\|Ongoing (2021)
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Transportation & service corridors		\|4 Transportation & service corridors
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	\|Hunting due to conflict and for bushmeat (SWD 2020).		\|Hunting due to conflict and for bushmeat (SWD 2020).
	\|Ongoing (2020)		\|Ongoing (2020)
	\|-
	~~\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture~~
	~~\|2.2 Wood & pulp plantations~~
	~~\|High (more than 70% of population affected)~~
	~~\|Plantations of Sabah Softwoods Berhad (SSB), an industrial tree plantation and oil palm plantation company, are situated within the Kalabakan landscape (Phaik Imm et al. 2021).~~
	~~\|Ongoing (2021)~~
	\|}		\|}

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[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Imbak-Kalabakan]]

'''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Imbak-Kalabakan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Imbak-Kalabakan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Imbak-Kalabakan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Imbak-Kalabakan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Imbak-Kalabakan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|5.013665, 117.177508~[[Imbak-Kalabakan]]~''Pongo pygmaeus morio''}}</div>
* Northeast Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus morio'') are present in the Imbak-Kalabakan landscape.
* It has been estimated that 1,570 (CI: 1,037-2,374) individuals occur in the site.
* The orangutan population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 4,805 km².
* Key threats to orangutans are habitat fragmentation and human-orangutan conflict.
* Conservation activities are not documented.

= Site characteristics =

The Imabalak-Kalabakan region is located in Malaysian Borneo, in the northeastern state of Sabah. The region comprises 2,175 sq.km of protected and 2,630 of unprotected areas (SWD 2020). The vegetation is characterised by a mixture of heath, lowland and upland mixed dipterocarp forests (Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019). Fragmented forests, such as the Brantian-Tantulit virgin jungle, the Ulu Kalumpang Forest Reserve, and oil palm and industrial tree plantations are found in the Kalabakan landscape, where land use continues to change (Phaik Imm et al. 2021).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Imbak-Kalabakan'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|-
|Area
|4,805 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 5.013665 , Lon: 117.177508
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Agricultural land
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

A 2017 survey revealed an enormous increase in population size in 15 years, from 313 to 1,570 orangutans (Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019). The population has remained sparse and dispersed over a large area. These higher densities may reflect immigration from adjacent land areas where there has been substantial clearance of forest between the two surveys. The larger population estimate was also due to more intensive survey efforts, and a substantial but scattered orangutan population was probably underestimated in the past (Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Imbak-Kalabakan'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2002-2003
|
|
|0.06 (0.02-0.19)
|262(80-860)
|Imbak-Kalabakan, Production Forest
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2017
|
|
|0.33 (0.22-0.50)
|876 (579-1323)
|Imbak-Kalabakan, Production Forest
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2002-2003
|
|
|0.06 (0.02-0.19)
|51 (17-166)
|Imbak-Kalabakan, Protected Forest
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2017
|
|
|0.32 (0.21-0.48)
|694 (458-1051)
|Imbak-Kalabakan, Protected Forest
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

Habitat fragmentation and conflicts with people are the major threats to orangutans in the region (SWD 2020).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Imbak-Kalabakan'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Forest loss and fragmentation due to conversion of forest to agricultural land. In Sabah, palm oil accounted for 60% of forest conversion between 1973 and 2015 (SWD 2020).
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present (unknown severity)
|Roads, bridges, dams, and railways split populations into smaller subpopulations and give access to poachers and lead to human encroachment (SWD 2020).
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Hunting due to conflict and for bushmeat (SWD 2020).
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1.5 Persecution/human wildlife conflict
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Hunting due to conflict and for bushmeat (SWD 2020).
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.2 Wood & pulp plantations
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Plantations of Sabah Softwoods Berhad (SSB), an industrial tree plantation and oil palm plantation company, are situated within the Kalabakan landscape (Phaik Imm et al. 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Imbak-Kalabakan'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Imbak-Kalabakan'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Imbak-Kalabakan'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

Simon, D., Davies, G., & Ancrenaz, M. (2019). Changes to Sabah's orangutan population in recent times: 2002-2017. PloS one, 14(7), e0218819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218819

Sabah Wildlife Department (SWD). (2020). Orangutan Action Plan for Sabah 2020-2029. Kota, Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.

Phaik Imm, C., Pei Hue, K., & Nathan, R. (2021). Can the Oil Palm Industry and Elephant Conservation Be Reconciled? A Case Study in Kalabakan, Sabah. Gajah, 53, 30-38.

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-11-22