Imbak Canyon Conservation Area - Revision history

WikiEdit at 20:28, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T20:28:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:28, 12 October 2026
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	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =

	The Imbak Canyon Conservation Area (ICCA) is located in the eastern state of Sabah, Malaysia. Most of the habitat in the area comprises lowland dipterocarp rainforest, and montane forest mixed with patches of montane heath (Nakabayashi et al. 2020). The Imbak Canyon is approximately 750 m deep, 3 km wide and 30 km long; the floor of the canyon lies at 250 m above sea level, and that rim of the canyon reaches approximately 1,000 m above sea level (Bernard et al. 2013). The highest point at the site is Mount Kuli, at 1,684 m asl (Bernard et al. 2013). The site was once a part of the Yayasan Sabah Concession Area; heavy logging occurred then around the periphery of the ICCA (Nakabayashi et al. 2020). The site was gazetted as a Class I (Protection) Forest Reserve in 2009, and logging activity was totally prohibited. The forest inside the canyon is relatively pristine (Bernard et al. 2013). However, due to logging activities in the past and the proximity to some human settlements and plantations, the forests surrounding the ICCA are generally heavily disturbed (Bernard et al. 2013). The site is an important area for carnivore conservation in Sabah, as it is home to 14 species, including the Hose's civet, a rare species endemic to Borneo (Bernard et al. 2013).		The Imbak Canyon Conservation Area (ICCA) is located in the eastern state of Sabah, Malaysia. Most of the habitat in the area comprises lowland dipterocarp rainforest, and montane forest mixed with patches of montane heath ([[#R00768\|Nakabayashi et al. 2020]]). The Imbak Canyon is approximately 750 m deep, 3 km wide and 30 km long; the floor of the canyon lies at 250 m above sea level, and that rim of the canyon reaches approximately 1,000 m above sea level ([[#R00767\|Bernard et al. 2013]]). The highest point at the site is Mount Kuli, at 1,684 m asl ([[#R00767\|Bernard et al. 2013]]). The site was once a part of the Yayasan Sabah Concession Area; heavy logging occurred then around the periphery of the ICCA ([[#R00768\|Nakabayashi et al. 2020]]). The site was gazetted as a Class I (Protection) Forest Reserve in 2009, and logging activity was totally prohibited. The forest inside the canyon is relatively pristine ([[#R00767\|Bernard et al. 2013]]). However, due to logging activities in the past and the proximity to some human settlements and plantations, the forests surrounding the ICCA are generally heavily disturbed ([[#R00767\|Bernard et al. 2013]]). The site is an important area for carnivore conservation in Sabah, as it is home to 14 species, including the Hose's civet, a rare species endemic to Borneo ([[#R00767\|Bernard et al. 2013]]).

	'''Table 1. Basic site information for Imbak Canyon Conservation Area'''		'''Table 1. Basic site information for Imbak Canyon Conservation Area'''
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	\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)		\|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
	\|		\|
	\|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019		\|[[#R00769\|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019]]
	\|55.93 km of aerial transect covered		\|55.93 km of aerial transect covered
	\|		\|MYS0002
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''		\|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
Line 81:		Line 81:
	\|Camera trap		\|Camera trap
	\|		\|
	\|Bernard et al. 2013		\|[[#R00767\|Bernard et al. 2013]]
	\|1 individual captured by one camera trap photo		\|1 individual captured by one camera trap photo
	\|		\|
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	= Threats =		= Threats =

	The areas surrounding the ICCA are full of active and abandoned logging roads, providing easy access to hunters going into the ICCA (Bernard et al. 2013). The northern and western borders of the site are close to human settlements and oil palm plantations. Local villagers and oil palm plantation workers hunt in the area, but poaching may also be carried out by people from nearby towns (Bernard et al. 2013). Illegal collection of gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) tree resin also occurs at the site. Resin collectors are likely to also hunt game animals, as they normally stay up to three months in the forest (Bernard et al. 2013).		The areas surrounding the ICCA are full of active and abandoned logging roads, providing easy access to hunters going into the ICCA ([[#R00767\|Bernard et al. 2013]]). The northern and western borders of the site are close to human settlements and oil palm plantations. Local villagers and oil palm plantation workers hunt in the area, but poaching may also be carried out by people from nearby towns ([[#R00767\|Bernard et al. 2013]]). Illegal collection of gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) tree resin also occurs at the site. Resin collectors are likely to also hunt game animals, as they normally stay up to three months in the forest ([[#R00767\|Bernard et al. 2013]]).

	'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Imbak Canyon Conservation Area'''		'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Imbak Canyon Conservation Area'''
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	\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops		\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|Oil palm plantations in the surrounding areas (Bernard et al. 2013).		\|Oil palm plantations in the surrounding areas ([[#R00767\|Bernard et al. 2013]]).
	\|Ongoing (2013)		\|Ongoing (2013)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|4.1 Roads & railroads		\|4.1 Roads & railroads
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|Areas surrounding the ICCA are fraught with logging roads, either active or abandoned, providing easy access to hunters (Bernard et al. 2013).		\|Areas surrounding the ICCA are fraught with logging roads, either active or abandoned, providing easy access to hunters ([[#R00767\|Bernard et al. 2013]]).
	\|Ongoing (2013)		\|Ongoing (2013)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals		\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|Hunting signs, including cartridges, abandoned camps, and photos of suspected hunters carrying firearms, recorded during a 2012 survey (Bernard et al. 2013).		\|Hunting signs, including cartridges, abandoned camps, and photos of suspected hunters carrying firearms, recorded during a 2012 survey ([[#R00767\|Bernard et al. 2013]]).
	\|Ongoing (2013)		\|Ongoing (2013)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants		\|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|Tree resin collectors who stay in the area for months at a time likely hunt (Bernard et al. 2013).		\|Tree resin collectors who stay in the area for months at a time likely hunt ([[#R00767\|Bernard et al. 2013]]).
	\|Ongoing (2013)		\|Ongoing (2013)
	\|}		\|}
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	= Challenges =		= Challenges =

	Regular law enforcement activities are needed, as well as the establishment of guard posts (Bernard et al. 2013).		Regular law enforcement activities are needed, as well as the establishment of guard posts ([[#R00767\|Bernard et al. 2013]]).

	'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Imbak Canyon Conservation Area'''		'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Imbak Canyon Conservation Area'''
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	\|4 Institutional support		\|4 Institutional support
	\|4.1 Lack of law enforcement		\|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
	\|Bernard et al. 2013		\|[[#R00767\|Bernard et al. 2013]]
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
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	= References =		= References =

	Bernard, H., Ahmad, A. H., Brodie, J., Giordano, A. J., Lakim, M., Amat, R., ... & Sinun, W. (2013). Camera-trapping survey of mammals in and around Imbak Canyon Conservation Area in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 61(2).		<span id="R00767"></span>Bernard, H., Ahmad, A. H., Brodie, J., Giordano, A. J., Lakim, M., Amat, R., ... & Sinun, W. (2013). Camera-trapping survey of mammals in and around Imbak Canyon Conservation Area in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 61(2).

	Nakabayashi, M., Salam, P. M. S~~. B~~., Leung, L. Y., Ahmad, A. H., & Battin, J~~. B~~. (2020). Effect of Logging on the Ficus Community at Batu Timbang Research Station, Imbak Canyon Conservation Area, Sabah. Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC), 17, 233-249.		<span id="R00768"></span>Nakabayashi, M., Bin Salam, P. G. M. S., Leung, L. Y., Ahmad, A. H., & Bin Battin, J. (2020). Effect of Logging on the Ficus Community at Batu Timbang Research Station, Imbak Canyon Conservation Area, Sabah. ''Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)'', 17, 233-249. [https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v17i.2666 doi:10.51200/jtbc.v17i.2666]

	Simon, D., Davies, G., & Ancrenaz, M. (2019). Changes to ~~Sabah's~~ orangutan population in recent times: ~~2002-2017~~. ~~PloS one~~, 14(7), e0218819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218819		<span id="R00769"></span>Simon, D., Davies, G., & Ancrenaz, M. (2019). Changes to Sabah’s orangutan population in recent times: 2002–2017. ''PLOS ONE'', 14(7), e0218819. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218819 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218819]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-11-29		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-11-29

WikiEdit at 14:46, 1 September 2026

2026-09-01T14:46:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:46, 1 September 2026
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	= References =		= References =

	~~Simon, D., Davies, G., & Ancrenaz, M. (2019). Changes to Sabah's orangutan population in recent times: 2002-2017. PloS one, 14(7), e0218819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218819~~

	Bernard, H., Ahmad, A. H., Brodie, J., Giordano, A. J., Lakim, M., Amat, R., ... & Sinun, W. (2013). Camera-trapping survey of mammals in and around Imbak Canyon Conservation Area in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 61(2).		Bernard, H., Ahmad, A. H., Brodie, J., Giordano, A. J., Lakim, M., Amat, R., ... & Sinun, W. (2013). Camera-trapping survey of mammals in and around Imbak Canyon Conservation Area in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 61(2).

	Nakabayashi, M., Salam, P. M. S. B., Leung, L. Y., Ahmad, A. H., & Battin, J. B. (2020). Effect of Logging on the Ficus Community at Batu Timbang Research Station, Imbak Canyon Conservation Area, Sabah. Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC), 17, 233-249.		Nakabayashi, M., Salam, P. M. S. B., Leung, L. Y., Ahmad, A. H., & Battin, J. B. (2020). Effect of Logging on the Ficus Community at Batu Timbang Research Station, Imbak Canyon Conservation Area, Sabah. Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC), 17, 233-249.

			Simon, D., Davies, G., & Ancrenaz, M. (2019). Changes to Sabah's orangutan population in recent times: 2002-2017. PloS one, 14(7), e0218819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218819



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-11-29		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-11-29

WikiEdit at 14:44, 25 March 2026

2026-03-25T14:44:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:44, 25 March 2026
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	* Key threats to orangutans are habitat loss, roads giving access to hunters.		* Key threats to orangutans are habitat loss, roads giving access to hunters.
	* Conservation activities are not documented.		* Conservation activities are not documented.





	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =

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[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Imbak Canyon Conservation Area]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|5.160605, 116.929972~[[Imbak Canyon Conservation Area]]~''Pongo pygmaeus morio''}}</div>
* Northeast Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus morio'') are present in Imbak Canyon Conservation Area.
* It has been estimated that 24 (CI: 15-37) individuals occur in the site.
* The orangutan population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 300 km².
* Key threats to orangutans are habitat loss, roads giving access to hunters.
* Conservation activities are not documented.

= Site characteristics =

The Imbak Canyon Conservation Area (ICCA) is located in the eastern state of Sabah, Malaysia. Most of the habitat in the area comprises lowland dipterocarp rainforest, and montane forest mixed with patches of montane heath (Nakabayashi et al. 2020). The Imbak Canyon is approximately 750 m deep, 3 km wide and 30 km long; the floor of the canyon lies at 250 m above sea level, and that rim of the canyon reaches approximately 1,000 m above sea level (Bernard et al. 2013). The highest point at the site is Mount Kuli, at 1,684 m asl (Bernard et al. 2013). The site was once a part of the Yayasan Sabah Concession Area; heavy logging occurred then around the periphery of the ICCA (Nakabayashi et al. 2020). The site was gazetted as a Class I (Protection) Forest Reserve in 2009, and logging activity was totally prohibited. The forest inside the canyon is relatively pristine (Bernard et al. 2013). However, due to logging activities in the past and the proximity to some human settlements and plantations, the forests surrounding the ICCA are generally heavily disturbed (Bernard et al. 2013). The site is an important area for carnivore conservation in Sabah, as it is home to 14 species, including the Hose's civet, a rare species endemic to Borneo (Bernard et al. 2013).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Imbak Canyon Conservation Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|-
|Area
|300 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 5.160605 , Lon: 116.929972
|-
|Type of site
|Conservation area
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Imbak Canyon Conservation Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2014-2017
|
|
|0.18 (0.11-0.27)
|24 (15-37)
|Imbak Canyon (unlogged forest)
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019
|55.93 km of aerial transect covered
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2012
|
|
|
|
|Imbak Canyon Conservation Area
|Camera trap
|
|Bernard et al. 2013
|1 individual captured by one camera trap photo
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

The areas surrounding the ICCA are full of active and abandoned logging roads, providing easy access to hunters going into the ICCA (Bernard et al. 2013). The northern and western borders of the site are close to human settlements and oil palm plantations. Local villagers and oil palm plantation workers hunt in the area, but poaching may also be carried out by people from nearby towns (Bernard et al. 2013). Illegal collection of gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) tree resin also occurs at the site. Resin collectors are likely to also hunt game animals, as they normally stay up to three months in the forest (Bernard et al. 2013).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Imbak Canyon Conservation Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Present (unknown severity)
|Oil palm plantations in the surrounding areas (Bernard et al. 2013).
|Ongoing (2013)
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present (unknown severity)
|Areas surrounding the ICCA are fraught with logging roads, either active or abandoned, providing easy access to hunters (Bernard et al. 2013).
|Ongoing (2013)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present (unknown severity)
|Hunting signs, including cartridges, abandoned camps, and photos of suspected hunters carrying firearms, recorded during a 2012 survey (Bernard et al. 2013).
|Ongoing (2013)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|Present (unknown severity)
|Tree resin collectors who stay in the area for months at a time likely hunt (Bernard et al. 2013).
|Ongoing (2013)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

= Challenges =

Regular law enforcement activities are needed, as well as the establishment of guard posts (Bernard et al. 2013).

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Imbak Canyon Conservation Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|Bernard et al. 2013
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Imbak Canyon Conservation Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Imbak Canyon Conservation Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

Simon, D., Davies, G., & Ancrenaz, M. (2019). Changes to Sabah's orangutan population in recent times: 2002-2017. PloS one, 14(7), e0218819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218819

Bernard, H., Ahmad, A. H., Brodie, J., Giordano, A. J., Lakim, M., Amat, R., ... & Sinun, W. (2013). Camera-trapping survey of mammals in and around Imbak Canyon Conservation Area in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 61(2).

Nakabayashi, M., Salam, P. M. S. B., Leung, L. Y., Ahmad, A. H., & Battin, J. B. (2020). Effect of Logging on the Ficus Community at Batu Timbang Research Station, Imbak Canyon Conservation Area, Sabah. Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC), 17, 233-249.

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-11-29