Itombwe Nature Reserve - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:53, 15 October 2026

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	<span id="R02126"></span>Kiyengo, C. S. (2023).The Beekeeping Project in Sarambwe Nature Reserve. Volume (66), 8-9. https://www.berggorilla.org/en/gorillas/protected-areas-for-gorillas/protected-areas-for-gorillas/bienenhaltung-rings-um-sarambwe/		<span id="R02126"></span>Kiyengo, C. S. (2023).The Beekeeping Project in Sarambwe Nature Reserve. Volume (66), 8-9. https://www.berggorilla.org/en/gorillas/protected-areas-for-gorillas/protected-areas-for-gorillas/bienenhaltung-rings-um-sarambwe/

	<span id="R02215"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02215"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R02001"></span>WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/democratic_republic_of_congo/itombwe/#:~:text=Despite%20being%20relatively%20isolated%2C%20the,and%20pressure%20from%20human%20populations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220517103910/https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/democratic_republic_of_congo/itombwe/ link]		<span id="R02001"></span>WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/democratic_republic_of_congo/itombwe/#:~:text=Despite%20being%20relatively%20isolated%2C%20the,and%20pressure%20from%20human%20populations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220517103910/https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/democratic_republic_of_congo/itombwe/ link]

WikiEdit at 14:34, 15 October 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:34, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R02126"></span>Kiyengo, C. S. (2023).The Beekeeping Project in Sarambwe Nature Reserve. Volume (66), 8-9. https://www.berggorilla.org/en/gorillas/protected-areas-for-gorillas/protected-areas-for-gorillas/bienenhaltung-rings-um-sarambwe/		<span id="R02126"></span>Kiyengo, C. S. (2023).The Beekeeping Project in Sarambwe Nature Reserve. Volume (66), 8-9. https://www.berggorilla.org/en/gorillas/protected-areas-for-gorillas/protected-areas-for-gorillas/bienenhaltung-rings-um-sarambwe/

	<span id="R02215"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02215"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R02001"></span>WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/democratic_republic_of_congo/itombwe/#:~:text=Despite%20being%20relatively%20isolated%2C%20the,and%20pressure%20from%20human%20populations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220517103910/https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/democratic_republic_of_congo/itombwe/ link]		<span id="R02001"></span>WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/democratic_republic_of_congo/itombwe/#:~:text=Despite%20being%20relatively%20isolated%2C%20the,and%20pressure%20from%20human%20populations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220517103910/https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/democratic_republic_of_congo/itombwe/ link]

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	= Challenges =		= Challenges =

	The Minister for the Environment in Kishasa declared that a reserve would be established in Itombwe Massif, and the gazettement of the reserve was written in October 2006. However, no boundaries were delimited in the gazettement document, and this created anger and confusion amongst the communities of the Itombwe Massif, as they had not been consulted about the reserve ([[#R00775\|Kujirakwinja et al. 2019]]). Approximately 675,800 people live in or around the Itombwe Reserve ([[#R00775\|Kujirakwinja et al. 2019]]). A long process of participatory mapping of the boundaries began in 2010 with Africapacity, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, WCS and WWF staff participating in consultations with each of 550 villages within and around the proposed boundary of the reserve ([[#R00775\|Kujirakwinja et al. 2019]]). This process was completed in 2014, and in 2016 the governor of South Kivu signed the official designation of the boundaries of Itombwe Natural Reserve ([[#R00775\|Kujirakwinja et al. 2019]]).		The Minister for the Environment in Kishasa declared that a reserve would be established in Itombwe Massif, and the gazettement of the reserve was written in October 2006. However, no boundaries were delimited in the gazettement document, and this created anger and confusion amongst the communities of the Itombwe Massif, as they had not been consulted about the reserve ([[#R00775\|Kujirakwinja et al. 2019]]). Approximately 675,800 people live in or around the Itombwe Reserve ([[#R00775\|Kujirakwinja et al. 2019]]). A long process of participatory mapping of the boundaries began in 2010 with Africapacity, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, WCS and [[#R02001\|WWF]] staff participating in consultations with each of 550 villages within and around the proposed boundary of the reserve ([[#R00775\|Kujirakwinja et al. 2019]]). This process was completed in 2014, and in 2016 the governor of South Kivu signed the official designation of the boundaries of Itombwe Natural Reserve ([[#R00775\|Kujirakwinja et al. 2019]]).

	'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Itombwe Nature Reserve'''		'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Itombwe Nature Reserve'''

WikiEdit at 19:09, 14 October 2026

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	<span id="R02215"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02215"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R02001"></span>WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/democratic_republic_of_congo/itombwe/#:~:text=Despite%20being%20relatively%20isolated%2C%20the,and%20pressure%20from%20human%20populations.		<span id="R02001"></span>WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/democratic_republic_of_congo/itombwe/#:~:text=Despite%20being%20relatively%20isolated%2C%20the,and%20pressure%20from%20human%20populations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220517103910/https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/democratic_republic_of_congo/itombwe/ link]

	<span id="R02036"></span>Berggorilla & Regenwald. https://www.berggorilla.org/en/journal/issues/journal-no-51/article-view/the-conservation-of-itombwe-nature-reserve/		<span id="R02036"></span>Berggorilla & Regenwald. https://www.berggorilla.org/en/journal/issues/journal-no-51/article-view/the-conservation-of-itombwe-nature-reserve/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20190802171003/https://www.berggorilla.org/en/journal/issues/journal-no-51/article-view/the-conservation-of-itombwe-nature-reserve/ link]

WikiEdit at 20:28, 12 October 2026

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Show changes

WikiEdit at 12:15, 3 September 2026

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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Itombwe Nature Reserve'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Itombwe Nature Reserve'''

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	Kujirakwinja, D., Plumptre, A., Twendilonge, A., Mitamba, G., Mubalama, L., Wasso, J., . . . Tshombe, R. (2019). Establishing the Itombwe Natural Reserve: Science, participatory consultations and zoning. Oryx, 53(1), 49-57. doi:10.1017/S0030605317001478		Kujirakwinja, D., Plumptre, A., Twendilonge, A., Mitamba, G., Mubalama, L., Wasso, J., . . . Tshombe, R. (2019). Establishing the Itombwe Natural Reserve: Science, participatory consultations and zoning. Oryx, 53(1), 49-57. doi:10.1017/S0030605317001478

	Plumptre, A.J., Rose, R., Nangendo, G., Williamson, E.A., Didier, K., Hart, J., Mulindahabi, F., Hicks, C., Griffin, B., Ogawa, H., Nixon, S., Pintea, L., Vosper, A., McClennan, M., Amsini, F., McNeilage, A., Makana, J.R., Kanamori, M., Hernandez, A., Piel, A., Stewart, F., Moore, J., Zamma, K., Nakamura, M., Kamenya, S., Idani, G., Sakamaki, T., Yoshikawa, M., Greer, D., Tranquilli, S., Beyers, R., Furuichi, T., Hashimoto, C. and Bennett, E. (2010). Eastern Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2010–2020. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland. 52pp.

	Maldonado, O., Aveling, C., Cox, D., Nixon, S., Nishuli, R., Merlo, D., Pintea, L. & Williamson, E.A. (2012). Grauer’s Gorillas and Chimpanzees in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kahuzi-Biega, Maiko, Tayna and Itombwe Landscape): Conservation Action Plan 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation & Tourism, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature & the Jane Goodall Institute. 66pp.		Maldonado, O., Aveling, C., Cox, D., Nixon, S., Nishuli, R., Merlo, D., Pintea, L. & Williamson, E.A. (2012). Grauer’s Gorillas and Chimpanzees in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kahuzi-Biega, Maiko, Tayna and Itombwe Landscape): Conservation Action Plan 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation & Tourism, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature & the Jane Goodall Institute. 66pp.

	Ngoy, J. B., & Kiyengo, C. S. (2023, June). Erstmals Gorilla in Itombwe fotografiert. Berggorilla & Regenwald Direkthilfe e.V. https://www.berggorilla.org/en/journal/issues/journal-66/article-view/erstmals-gorilla-in-itombwe-fotografiert/		Ngoy, J. B., & Kiyengo, C. S. (2023, June). Erstmals Gorilla in Itombwe fotografiert. Berggorilla & Regenwald Direkthilfe e.V. https://www.berggorilla.org/en/journal/issues/journal-66/article-view/erstmals-gorilla-in-itombwe-fotografiert/

			Plumptre, A.J., Rose, R., Nangendo, G., Williamson, E.A., Didier, K., Hart, J., Mulindahabi, F., Hicks, C., Griffin, B., Ogawa, H., Nixon, S., Pintea, L., Vosper, A., McClennan, M., Amsini, F., McNeilage, A., Makana, J.R., Kanamori, M., Hernandez, A., Piel, A., Stewart, F., Moore, J., Zamma, K., Nakamura, M., Kamenya, S., Idani, G., Sakamaki, T., Yoshikawa, M., Greer, D., Tranquilli, S., Beyers, R., Furuichi, T., Hashimoto, C. and Bennett, E. (2010). Eastern Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2010–2020. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland. 52pp.

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	!Description		!Description
	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
	\|-
	~~\|12 Other threat~~
	~~\|Other~~
	~~\|High (more than 70% of population affected)~~
	~~\|Habitat fragmentation (Maldonado et al. 2020).~~
	~~\|Ongoing (2020)~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|3 Energy production & mining		\|3 Energy production & mining
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	\|Surveys conducted by the WCS during 2003–2006 found increasing threats and the presence of several armed groups controlling various parts of the Itombwe Massif (Kujirakwinja et al. 2019).		\|Surveys conducted by the WCS during 2003–2006 found increasing threats and the presence of several armed groups controlling various parts of the Itombwe Massif (Kujirakwinja et al. 2019).
	\|2003-2006		\|2003-2006
			\|-
			\|12 Other threat
			\|Other
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|Habitat fragmentation (Maldonado et al. 2020).
			\|Ongoing (2020)
	\|}		\|}

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	!Description		!Description
	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
			\|-
			\|12 Other threat
			\|Other
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|Habitat fragmentation (Maldonado et al. 2020).
			\|Ongoing (2020)
	\|-		\|-
	\|3 Energy production & mining		\|3 Energy production & mining
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	\|Surveys conducted by the WCS during 2003–2006 found increasing threats and the presence of several armed groups controlling various parts of the Itombwe Massif (Kujirakwinja et al. 2019).		\|Surveys conducted by the WCS during 2003–2006 found increasing threats and the presence of several armed groups controlling various parts of the Itombwe Massif (Kujirakwinja et al. 2019).
	\|2003-2006		\|2003-2006
	\|-
	~~\|12 Other threat~~
	~~\|Other~~
	~~\|High (more than 70% of population affected)~~
	~~\|Habitat fragmentation (Maldonado et al. 2020).~~
	~~\|Ongoing (2020)~~
	\|}		\|}

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 * Key threats to great apes are illegal hunting and logging in connection to illegal mining operations by armed groups.
 * Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols, monitoring with SMART, and sensitization campaigns.
@@ Line 92: / Line 88: @@
 !Description
 !Year of threat
 |-
 |3 Energy production & mining
@@ Line 122: / Line 106: @@
 |Artisanal logging ([https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/democratic_republic_of_congo/itombwe/#:~:text=Despite%20being%20relatively%20isolated%2C%20the,and%20pressure%20from%20human%20populations. WWF]).
 |Ongoing (2021)
 |}