Korup National Park - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:53, 15 October 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 17:53, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R00927"></span>Waltert, M., Lien, Faber, K., & Mühlenberg, M. (2002). Further declines of threatened primates in the Korup Project Area, south-west Cameroon. ''Oryx'', 36(3), 257-265. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605302000479 doi:10.1017/s0030605302000479]		<span id="R00927"></span>Waltert, M., Lien, Faber, K., & Mühlenberg, M. (2002). Further declines of threatened primates in the Korup Project Area, south-west Cameroon. ''Oryx'', 36(3), 257-265. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605302000479 doi:10.1017/s0030605302000479]

	<span id="R02231"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02231"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

WikiEdit at 14:34, 15 October 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:34, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R00927"></span>Waltert, M., Lien, Faber, K., & Mühlenberg, M. (2002). Further declines of threatened primates in the Korup Project Area, south-west Cameroon. ''Oryx'', 36(3), 257-265. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605302000479 doi:10.1017/s0030605302000479]		<span id="R00927"></span>Waltert, M., Lien, Faber, K., & Mühlenberg, M. (2002). Further declines of threatened primates in the Korup Project Area, south-west Cameroon. ''Oryx'', 36(3), 257-265. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605302000479 doi:10.1017/s0030605302000479]

	<span id="R02231"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02231"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

WikiEdit at 00:10, 15 October 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 20:10, 14 October 2026
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	= Threats =		= Threats =

	Hunting is a major threat to chimpanzees and other mammals in Korup National Park ([[#R00922\|Morgan et al. 2011]], [[#R00912\|Hofner et al. 2020]]). Pressure on the park's wildlife is high due to the dependence of locals on bushmeat, and the demand for bushmeat in neighbouring Nigeria ([[#R00924\|Robinson 2014]]). Since 2017, the wildlife and habitats of Korup National Park have been affected by a civil war as rebel groups in the forests have prevented access for government personnel, such as ecoguards, allowing local people and Nigerians to remove resources unhindered ([[#~~R00915~~\|Kupsch & Tamo 2023, Kupsch et al. 2024]]).		Hunting is a major threat to chimpanzees and other mammals in Korup National Park ([[#R00922\|Morgan et al. 2011]], [[#R00912\|Hofner et al. 2020]]). Pressure on the park's wildlife is high due to the dependence of locals on bushmeat, and the demand for bushmeat in neighbouring Nigeria ([[#R00924\|Robinson 2014]]). Since 2017, the wildlife and habitats of Korup National Park have been affected by a civil war as rebel groups in the forests have prevented access for government personnel, such as ecoguards, allowing local people and Nigerians to remove resources unhindered ([[#R00916\|Kupsch & Tamo 2023]], [[#R00918\|Kupsch et al. 2024]]).

	'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Korup National Park'''		'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Korup National Park'''
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	= Conservation activities =		= Conservation activities =

	Korup National Park is under the administration of the Cameroonian Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife (MINFOF), which is supported by the PSMNR-SWR development program and follows a collaborative management approach (PSMNR-SWR n.d.). In addition to support for infrastructure, households, education and training, this also includes protection activities such as demarcation and patrolling, as well as bio-monitoring ([[#R00916\|Kupsch & Tamo 2023]]). In addition to communities and their members, community-based organizations are also involved in management. Some of them also carry out independent projects, such as the Korup Rainforest Conservation Society (KRCS), which is a community based organisation in Southwest Cameroon that was created in 2009. KRCS supports and implements various conservation activities, especially related to wildlife research and livelihood improvement initiatives such as donating farming equipment and community infrastructural development (KRCS).		Korup National Park is under the administration of the Cameroonian Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife (MINFOF), which is supported by the PSMNR-SWR development program and follows a collaborative management approach ([[#R00923\|PSMNR-SWR n.d.]]). In addition to support for infrastructure, households, education and training, this also includes protection activities such as demarcation and patrolling, as well as bio-monitoring ([[#R00916\|Kupsch & Tamo 2023]]). In addition to communities and their members, community-based organizations are also involved in management. Some of them also carry out independent projects, such as the Korup Rainforest Conservation Society (KRCS), which is a community based organisation in Southwest Cameroon that was created in 2009. KRCS supports and implements various conservation activities, especially related to wildlife research and livelihood improvement initiatives such as donating farming equipment and community infrastructural development (KRCS).

	'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Korup National Park'''		'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Korup National Park'''
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	= Research activities =		= Research activities =

	Due to the proximity to the Korup National Park headquarters in Mundemba and the establishment of good research and tourism infrastructure, e.g. chimpanzee camp, the wildlife populations of the southern part of the park are the best studied (e.g. [[#R00908\|Astaras et al. 2017]], [[#R00910\|Boekee & Robinson 2018]], [[#R00916\|Kupsch & Tamo 2023]]). There is also good access via Mamfe in the northeast of the park, making it a local focus for wildlife research. ([[#R00927\|Waltert et al. 2002]], [[#R00912\|Hofner 2020]]). The remaining parts of the park were surveyed in 2007 and 2014 by a park-wide, transect-based wildlife monitoring program (see [[#R00915\|Kupsch & Bobo 2024]]), funded by the development program PSMNR-SWR (PSMNR-SWR n.d.). The community-based organization KRCS supports international researchers and the national park administration in the implementation of conservation research activities, which mainly focus on biomonitoring, socio-economic surveys, and primate research, and also carries out own projects (KRCS n.d.).		Due to the proximity to the Korup National Park headquarters in Mundemba and the establishment of good research and tourism infrastructure, e.g. chimpanzee camp, the wildlife populations of the southern part of the park are the best studied (e.g. [[#R00908\|Astaras et al. 2017]], [[#R00910\|Boekee & Robinson 2018]], [[#R00916\|Kupsch & Tamo 2023]]). There is also good access via Mamfe in the northeast of the park, making it a local focus for wildlife research. ([[#R00927\|Waltert et al. 2002]], [[#R00912\|Hofner 2020]]). The remaining parts of the park were surveyed in 2007 and 2014 by a park-wide, transect-based wildlife monitoring program (see [[#R00915\|Kupsch & Bobo 2024]]), funded by the development program PSMNR-SWR ([[#R00923\|PSMNR-SWR n.d.]]). The community-based organization KRCS supports international researchers and the national park administration in the implementation of conservation research activities, which mainly focus on biomonitoring, socio-economic surveys, and primate research, and also carries out own projects ([[#R00913\|KRCS n.d]].).
	However, due to the ongoing military-political crisis and the high level of insecurity in the Anglophone regions, all research activities in the park were suspended in 2017. In 2022 and 2023, PSMNR-SWR successfully introduced low-risk community-based wildlife monitoring by training community members as surveyors under the guidance of the local organization KRCS ([[#R00916\|Kupsch & Tamo 2023]]). In 2023, PSMNR-SWR conducted its first own surveys in the south of the park in collaboration with KRCS ([[#~~R00915~~\|Kupsch et al. 2024]]). However, due to the worsening crisis situation since the end of 2023, all monitoring activities have been put on hold for the time being.		However, due to the ongoing military-political crisis and the high level of insecurity in the Anglophone regions, all research activities in the park were suspended in 2017. In 2022 and 2023, PSMNR-SWR successfully introduced low-risk community-based wildlife monitoring by training community members as surveyors under the guidance of the local organization KRCS ([[#R00916\|Kupsch & Tamo 2023]]). In 2023, PSMNR-SWR conducted its first own surveys in the south of the park in collaboration with KRCS ([[#R00918\|Kupsch et al. 2024]]). However, due to the worsening crisis situation since the end of 2023, all monitoring activities have been put on hold for the time being.

WikiEdit at 20:28, 12 October 2026

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WikiEdit at 12:16, 3 September 2026

2026-09-03T12:16:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:16, 3 September 2026
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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Korup National Park'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Korup National Park'''

WikiEdit at 14:46, 1 September 2026

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WikiEdit at 09:43, 14 July 2026

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@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 !Comments
 !A.P.E.S. database ID
 |-
 |''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
@@ Line 124: / Line 150: @@
 |Usongo 1997
 |Survey effort 72.5 km; 0.14 nest cluster enc/km
+|
 |-
@@ Line 150: / Line 163: @@
 |Kupsch 2020, Kupsch & Bobo 2024
 |Survey effort 154.7 km; 0.121 nest cluster enc/km +/- 0.04 (SE)
+|
 |-

WikiEdit at 14:45, 25 March 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:45, 25 March 2026
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	* Hunting is the main threat to chimpanzees.		* Hunting is the main threat to chimpanzees.
	* Conservation activities have focused on wildlife research and livelihood improvement initiatives.		* Conservation activities have focused on wildlife research and livelihood improvement initiatives.






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	\|There are settlements inside the park which are officially illegal and linked to farms in the site (MINEF 2002). Two out of five communities were granted the legal status of a permanent use zone with management regulations in 2015 (Spey et al. 2019).		\|There are settlements inside the park which are officially illegal and linked to farms in the site (MINEF 2002). Two out of five communities were granted the legal status of a permanent use zone with management regulations in 2015 (Spey et al. 2019).
	\|1986-Ongoing (2024)		\|1986-Ongoing (2024)
			\|-
			\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
			\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
			\|Present (unknown severity)
			\|Agricultural encroachment from industrial plantations and villages situated inside the park (BirdLife International 2021).
			\|Ongoing (2021)
			\|-
			\|4 Transportation & service corridors
			\|4.1 Roads & railroads
			\|Present (unknown severity)
			\|Motorbike road construction by the ministry to two settlements in the southwest and north of the park (Spey et al. 2019).
			\|Ongoing (2019)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
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	\|Illegal wildlife hunting for bushmeat is a serious threat (Morgan et al. 2011, Hofner et al. 2020). 39,053 annually estimated animals extracted by gun-hunting (Astaras et al. 2017); hunting sign rate in southern sector 0.75 enc/h ± 0.16 (SE) in 2014 and 0.77 enc/h ± 0.21 (SE) in 2022 (Kupsch & Tamo 2023); 33.2% of household income in the Korup villages in 2014/15 was generated from hunting (Kupsch et al. 2023).		\|Illegal wildlife hunting for bushmeat is a serious threat (Morgan et al. 2011, Hofner et al. 2020). 39,053 annually estimated animals extracted by gun-hunting (Astaras et al. 2017); hunting sign rate in southern sector 0.75 enc/h ± 0.16 (SE) in 2014 and 0.77 enc/h ± 0.21 (SE) in 2022 (Kupsch & Tamo 2023); 33.2% of household income in the Korup villages in 2014/15 was generated from hunting (Kupsch et al. 2023).
	\|1986-Ongoing (2024)		\|1986-Ongoing (2024)
	\|-
	~~\|6 Human intrusions & disturbance~~
	~~\|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises~~
	~~\|Present (unknown severity)~~
	~~\|Military-political crisis in the entire region with ranging rebel groups in and around Korup National Park (Kupsch & Tamo 2023).~~
	~~\|2017-Ongoing (2024)~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
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	\|2018-Ongoing (2024)		\|2018-Ongoing (2024)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~4 Transportation~~ & ~~service corridors~~		\|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
	\|4.~~1 Roads~~ & ~~railroads~~		\|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|~~Motorbike road construction by~~ the ~~ministry to two settlements~~ in ~~the southwest~~ and ~~north of the park~~ (~~Spey et al. 2019~~).		\|Military-political crisis in the entire region with ranging rebel groups in and around Korup National Park (Kupsch & Tamo 2023).
	\|~~Ongoing (2019)~~		\|2017-Ongoing (2024)
	\|-
	~~\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture~~
	~~\|2.1 Annual & perennial non~~-~~timber crops~~
	~~\|Present (unknown severity)~~
	~~\|Agricultural encroachment from industrial plantations and villages situated inside the park (BirdLife International 2021).~~
	\|Ongoing (~~2021~~)
	\|}		\|}

WikiEdit at 07:27, 4 February 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 03:27, 4 February 2026
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	\|The site is a National Park.		\|The site is a National Park.
	\|		\|
	\|1986-Ongoing (~~2025~~)		\|1986-Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Protection & restoration		\|5 Protection & restoration

WikiEdit at 14:29, 23 December 2025

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:29, 23 December 2025
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	!Year of activity		!Year of activity
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~2 Counter-wildlife crime~~		\|1 Development impact mitigation
	\|2.~~3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols~~		\|1.10 Reduce road widths
	\|~~Anti~~-~~poaching patrols evaluation and design~~ (~~PSMNR-SWR n.d., KRCS n.d~~.).		\|New roads inside the park are limited in size to only allow moto-bikes to pass (Spey et al. 2019).
	\|		\|
	\|~~1986~~-~~2018~~		\|2014-2015
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~5 Protection & restoration~~		\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
	\|5.~~2 Legally protect~~ ape ~~habitat~~		\|2.1 Implement road blocks to inspect cars for illegal ape bushmeat
	\|~~The site is a National Park.~~		\|Officially always, but actually during the height of the military-political crisis, to search for bushmeat hunted with guns and identify the owners (Kupsch & Tamo 2023)
	\|		\|
	\|~~1986~~-~~Ongoing (2025)~~		\|2018-2022
	\|-
	~~\|5 Protection & restoration~~
	~~\|5.9 Resettle illegal human communities (i.e., in a protected area) to another location~~
	~~\|Resettlement of the Korup village Ekundukundu I from inside the park to Fabe road (MINEF 2002).~~
	\|
	~~\|2000~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Counter-wildlife crime		\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
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	\|		\|
	\|2006-2018		\|2006-2018
	\|-
	~~\|5 Protection & restoration~~
	~~\|5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas~~
	~~\|Boundary demarcation activities of park staff and communities (PSMNR-SWR n.d.)~~
	\|
	~~\|2006-2023~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Counter-wildlife crime		\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
	\|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms		\|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
	\|Various activities in 40+ target communities under PSMNR-SWR (n.d.), e.g. farmers training, vocational training, tree nurseries, piggeries, bee keeping, cassava mills (Kupsch pers. comm. 2024).		\|Various activities in 40+ target communities under PSMNR-SWR (n.d.), e.g. farmers training, vocational training, tree nurseries, piggeries, bee keeping, cassava mills (Kupsch pers. comm. 2024).
	\|
	~~\|2006-Ongoing (2024)~~
	\|-
	~~\|7 Economic & other incentives~~
	~~\|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)~~
	\|Farming equipment, scholarships, community infrastructure development, green initiatives e.g. bee farming, small scale poultry and non-timber products value chain improvement (PSMNR-SWR n.d., KRCS n.d.).
	\|		\|
	\|2006-Ongoing (2024)		\|2006-Ongoing (2024)
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	\|		\|
	\|2009-2023		\|2009-2023
			\|-
			\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
			\|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
			\|Anti-poaching patrols evaluation and design (PSMNR-SWR n.d., KRCS n.d.).
			\|
			\|1986-2018
			\|-
			\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
			\|2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
			\|Joint activities of community members and park-staff (PSMNR-SWR n.d.)
			\|
			\|2022-2023
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Education & awareness		\|4 Education & awareness
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	\|2009-Ongoing (2024)		\|2009-Ongoing (2024)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~1 Development impact mitigation~~		\|5 Protection & restoration
	\|1.~~10 Reduce road widths~~		\|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
	\|~~New roads inside the~~ park ~~are limited in size to only allow moto~~-~~bikes to pass (Spey et al~~. ~~2019~~).		\|The site is a National Park.
			\|
			\|1986-Ongoing (2025)
			\|-
			\|5 Protection & restoration
			\|5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas
			\|Boundary demarcation activities of park staff and communities (PSMNR-SWR n.d.)
	\|		\|
	\|~~2014~~-~~2015~~		\|2006-2023
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~2 Counter-wildlife crime~~		\|5 Protection & restoration
	\|2.~~1 Implement road blocks~~ to ~~inspect cars for illegal ape bushmeat~~		\|5.9 Resettle illegal human communities (i.e., in a protected area) to another location
	\|~~Officially always, but actually during~~ the ~~height of~~ the ~~military-political crisis,~~ to ~~search for bushmeat hunted with guns and identify the owners~~ (~~Kupsch & Tamo 2023~~)		\|Resettlement of the Korup village Ekundukundu I from inside the park to Fabe road (MINEF 2002).
	\|		\|
	\|~~2018-2022~~		\|2000
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 ~~Counter~~-wildlife ~~crime~~		\|7 Economic & other incentives
	\|2.~~6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares~~		\|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
	\|~~Joint activities of~~ community ~~members~~ and ~~park~~-~~staff~~ (PSMNR-SWR n.d.)		\|Farming equipment, scholarships, community infrastructure development, green initiatives e.g. bee farming, small scale poultry and non-timber products value chain improvement (PSMNR-SWR n.d., KRCS n.d.).
	\|		\|
	\|~~2022~~-~~2023~~		\|2006-Ongoing (2024)
	\|}		\|}