Lebialem Complex - Revision history

WikiEdit at 00:10, 15 October 2026

2026-10-15T00:10:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:10, 14 October 2026
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	= Conservation activities =		= Conservation activities =

	The Environment and Rural Development Foundation (ERuDeF) is a central NGO in the implementation of conservation efforts in the Lebialem highlands since 2004 ([https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands/ ERuDeF], [[#R01040\|Nkemngu 2017]]). In 2010, with funding from Taiwan, the ARCUS Foundation and Flora and Fauna International, a process was launched to assist the Government of Cameroon to create the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary ([[#R01040\|Nkemngu 2017]]).		The Environment and Rural Development Foundation ([[#R02041\|ERuDeF]]) is a central NGO in the implementation of conservation efforts in the Lebialem highlands since 2004 ([https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands/ ERuDeF], [[#R01040\|Nkemngu 2017]]). In 2010, with funding from Taiwan, the ARCUS Foundation and Flora and Fauna International, a process was launched to assist the Government of Cameroon to create the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary ([[#R01040\|Nkemngu 2017]]).

	'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Lebialem Complex'''		'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Lebialem Complex'''
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	= Research activities =		= Research activities =

	The Environment and Rural Development Foundation (ERuDeF) conducts targeted bio-monitoring initiatives to gather essential quantitative data on great ape populations, general wildlife status, and species distribution. As part of this comprehensive effort, field teams track and document long-term changes in anthropogenic activities within the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary and the Njoawi-Fotabong III-Essoh-Attah area. This sustained tracking directly informed the 2010 development of the first comprehensive great apes distribution map for the broader Lebialem Highlands landscape ([[#R01038\|ERuDeF 2026]]).		The Environment and Rural Development Foundation ([[#R02041\|ERuDeF]]) conducts targeted bio-monitoring initiatives to gather essential quantitative data on great ape populations, general wildlife status, and species distribution. As part of this comprehensive effort, field teams track and document long-term changes in anthropogenic activities within the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary and the Njoawi-Fotabong III-Essoh-Attah area. This sustained tracking directly informed the 2010 development of the first comprehensive great apes distribution map for the broader Lebialem Highlands landscape ([[#R01038\|ERuDeF 2026]]).

	= Documented behaviours =		= Documented behaviours =

WikiEdit at 20:28, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T20:28:57Z

Show changes

WikiEdit at 14:47, 1 September 2026

2026-09-01T14:47:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:47, 1 September 2026
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	ERuDeF. (2026, May 13). Cross River Gorilla Conservation Program: Reconnecting fragmented populations. https://erudef.org/cross-river-gorilla-conservation-program-reconnecting-fragmented-populations/ <br>		ERuDeF. (2026, May 13). Cross River Gorilla Conservation Program: Reconnecting fragmented populations. https://erudef.org/cross-river-gorilla-conservation-program-reconnecting-fragmented-populations/ <br>

	Morgan, B. J., Adeleke, A., Bassey, T., Bergl, R., Dunn, A., Fotso, R., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2011). Regional action plan for the conservation of the Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Zoological Society of San Diego. <br>		Morgan, B. J., Adeleke, A., Bassey, T., Bergl, R., Dunn, A., Fotso, R., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2011). Regional action plan for the conservation of the Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Zoological Society of San Diego. <br>

	Nkemngu, A. (2017, January 31). NGO takes action to save great apes in Cameroon’s Lebialem Highlands. Retrieved from Mongabay. Online: https://news.mongabay.com/2017/01/ngo-takes-action-to-save-great-apes-in-cameroons-lebialem-highlands/ <br>		Nkemngu, A. (2017, January 31). NGO takes action to save great apes in Cameroon’s Lebialem Highlands. Retrieved from Mongabay. Online: https://news.mongabay.com/2017/01/ngo-takes-action-to-save-great-apes-in-cameroons-lebialem-highlands/ <br>

	Sunday, O. (2026, March 3). Cameroon's decade of conflict leaves apes and conservationists in peril. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2026/03/cameroons-decade-of-conflict-leaves-apes-and-conservationists-in-peril/ <br>		Sunday, O. (2026, March 3). Cameroon's decade of conflict leaves apes and conservationists in peril. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2026/03/cameroons-decade-of-conflict-leaves-apes-and-conservationists-in-peril/ <br>

WikiEdit at 14:37, 20 July 2026

2026-07-20T14:37:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:37, 20 July 2026
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	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-07-04		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-07-04

			'''Page updated by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2026-07-11

WikiEdit at 09:44, 14 July 2026

2026-07-14T09:44:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:44, 14 July 2026
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	\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals		\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Hunting, mainly for income generation (Wright & Priston 2010, Nkemngu 2017).		\|Hunting, mainly for income generation (Wright & Priston 2010, Nkemngu 2017). Displaced people by militia terror are turning to foraging, hunting, and snaring to survive. Due to gun confiscations, trapping has soared, which degrades small mammal populations (Sunday 2026).
	\|2010-Ongoing (~~2017~~)		\|2010-Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
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	\|Unsustainable exploitation of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) (Nkemngu 2017).		\|Unsustainable exploitation of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) (Nkemngu 2017).
	\|Ongoing (2017)		\|Ongoing (2017)
			\|-
			\|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
			\|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|Militias converting protected areas into strategic bases, cutting down trees for shelter/cooking/defenses, and actively killing wildlife in the forest (Sunday 2026).
			\|2016-Ongoing (2026)
			\|-
			\|5 Biological resource use
			\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|Heavy deforestation caused by agricultural encroachment and militia occupancy for shelter, cooking, and defensive structures (Sunday 2026; ERuDeF 2026).
			\|2016-Ongoing (2026)
	\|}		\|}

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	\|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use		\|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
	\|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands/ ERuDeF] have been conducting environmental education in the areas with support from Tusk trust, Taiwan government, Man and Nature and other partners. ERuDeF has also donated books to schools and supports school fees for orphans and children around the area to be protected.		\|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands/ ERuDeF] have been conducting environmental education in the areas with support from Tusk trust, Taiwan government, Man and Nature and other partners. ERuDeF has also donated books to schools and supports school fees for orphans and children around the area to be protected.
	\|		\|Environment and Rural Development Foundation (ERuDeF)
	\|~~Unknown~~		\|2010-Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Education & awareness		\|4 Education & awareness
	\|4.4 Regularly play TV and radio announcements to raise ape conservation awareness		\|4.4 Regularly play TV and radio announcements to raise ape conservation awareness
	\|Community radio programs supported by [https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands/ ERuDeF].		\|Community radio programs supported by [https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands/ ERuDeF].
	\|		\|Environment and Rural Development Foundation (ERuDeF)
	\|~~Unknown~~		\|2010-Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Education & awareness		\|4 Education & awareness
	\|4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions		\|4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
	\|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands/ ERuDeF] with support from partners has supported public information system through the green vision news paper, online publication and flyers.		\|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands/ ERuDeF] with support from partners has supported public information system through the green vision news paper, online publication and flyers.
	\|		\|Environment and Rural Development Foundation (ERuDeF)
	\|~~Unknown~~		\|2010-Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Protection & restoration		\|5 Protection & restoration
	\|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat		\|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
	\|Ongoing projects include the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary, the Mount Bamboutos Integral Ecological Reserve, and the Tofala-Mone Forest Corridor. ERuDeF is also assisting the government in protecting apes in the Mak/Betchou Forest, Nkingkwa Hills and Tofala-Mone Forest Corridor (Nkemngu 2017).		\|Ongoing projects include the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary, the Mount Bamboutos Integral Ecological Reserve, and the Tofala-Mone Forest Corridor. ERuDeF is also assisting the government in protecting apes in the Mak/Betchou Forest, Nkingkwa Hills and Tofala-Mone Forest Corridor (Nkemngu 2017).
	\|		\|Environment and Rural Development Foundation (ERuDeF), and Government of Cameroon
	\|Ongoing (~~2017~~)		\|2014-Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
	\|7 Economic & other incentives		\|7 Economic & other incentives
	\|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)		\|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
	\|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands/ ERuDeF] constructed permanent toilets for two schools around the proposed Mak-Betchou wildlife sanctuary.		\|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands/ ERuDeF] constructed permanent toilets for two schools around the proposed Mak-Betchou wildlife sanctuary.
	\|		\|Environment and Rural Development Foundation (ERuDeF)
	\|~~Unknown~~		\|2014
	\|}		\|}

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	\|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands-initiative/ ERuDeF]		\|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands-initiative/ ERuDeF]
	\|		\|
			\|-
			\|2 Resources and capacity
			\|2.3 General lack of funding
			\|ERuDeF 2026
			\|Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Institutional support		\|4 Institutional support
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	\|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands-initiative/ ERuDeF]		\|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands-initiative/ ERuDeF]
	\|		\|
			\|-
			\|6 Safety and stability
			\|6.2 Insecurity
			\|Sunday 2026
			\|2016-Ongoing (2026)
	\|}		\|}

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	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
	\|		\|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
	\|		\|ERuDeF 2026
	\|		\|2014-2018
	\|-		\|-
	\|3 Engaged community		\|3 Engaged community
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	= Research activities =		= Research activities =

			The Environment and Rural Development Foundation (ERuDeF) conducts targeted bio-monitoring initiatives to gather essential quantitative data on great ape populations, general wildlife status, and species distribution. As part of this comprehensive effort, field teams track and document long-term changes in anthropogenic activities within the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary and the Njoawi-Fotabong III-Essoh-Attah area. This sustained tracking directly informed the 2010 development of the first comprehensive great apes distribution map for the broader Lebialem Highlands landscape (ERuDeF 2026).

	= Documented behaviours =		= Documented behaviours =
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	= References =		= References =

	Morgan, B. J., Adeleke, A., Bassey, T., Bergl, R., Dunn, A., Fotso, R., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2011). Regional action plan for the conservation of the Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Zoological Society of San Diego.		ERuDeF. (2026, May 13). Cross River Gorilla Conservation Program: Reconnecting fragmented populations. https://erudef.org/cross-river-gorilla-conservation-program-reconnecting-fragmented-populations/ <br>
			Morgan, B. J., Adeleke, A., Bassey, T., Bergl, R., Dunn, A., Fotso, R., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2011). Regional action plan for the conservation of the Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Zoological Society of San Diego. <br>

			Nkemngu, A. (2017, January 31). NGO takes action to save great apes in Cameroon’s Lebialem Highlands. Retrieved from Mongabay. Online: https://news.mongabay.com/2017/01/ngo-takes-action-to-save-great-apes-in-cameroons-lebialem-highlands/ <br>
			Sunday, O. (2026, March 3). Cameroon's decade of conflict leaves apes and conservationists in peril. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2026/03/cameroons-decade-of-conflict-leaves-apes-and-conservationists-in-peril/ <br>


	Nkemngu, A. (2017, January 31). NGO takes action to save great apes in Cameroon’s Lebialem Highlands. Retrieved from Mongabay. Online: https://news.mongabay.com/2017/01/ngo-takes-action-to-save-great-apes-in-cameroons-lebialem-highlands/

	Wright, J. H., & Priston, N. E. (2010). Hunting and trapping in Lebialem Division, Cameroon: bushmeat harvesting practices and human reliance. Endangered species research, 11(1), 1-12.		Wright, J. H., & Priston, N. E. (2010). Hunting and trapping in Lebialem Division, Cameroon: bushmeat harvesting practices and human reliance. Endangered species research, 11(1), 1-12.

WikiEdit at 09:21, 21 April 2026

2026-04-21T09:21:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:21, 21 April 2026
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	!Source		!Source
	!Year(s)		!Year(s)
			\|-
			\|2 Resources and capacity
			\|2.1 Lack of capacity/training
			\|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands-initiative/ ERuDeF]
			\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Institutional support		\|4 Institutional support
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	\|4 Institutional support		\|4 Institutional support
	\|4.2 Lack of government support		\|4.2 Lack of government support
	~~\|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands-initiative/ ERuDeF]~~
	\|
	\|-
	~~\|2 Resources and capacity~~
	~~\|2.1 Lack of capacity/training~~
	\|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands-initiative/ ERuDeF]		\|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands-initiative/ ERuDeF]
	\|		\|

WikiEdit at 14:45, 25 March 2026

2026-03-25T14:45:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:45, 25 March 2026
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	* Key threats to great apes are expansion of slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting.		* Key threats to great apes are expansion of slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting.
	* Conservation activities have focused on environmental education and efforts to increase protected areas in the landscape.		* Conservation activities have focused on environmental education and efforts to increase protected areas in the landscape.





	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =
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	!Description		!Description
	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
	\|-
	~~\|5 Biological resource use~~
	~~\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals~~
	~~\|High (more than 70% of population affected)~~
	~~\|Hunting, mainly for income generation (Wright & Priston 2010, Nkemngu 2017).~~
	~~\|2010-Ongoing (2017)~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture		\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
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	\|Mining (Nkemngu 2017).		\|Mining (Nkemngu 2017).
	\|Ongoing (2017)		\|Ongoing (2017)
			\|-
			\|5 Biological resource use
			\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|Hunting, mainly for income generation (Wright & Priston 2010, Nkemngu 2017).
			\|2010-Ongoing (2017)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use

WikiEdit at 14:29, 23 December 2025

2025-12-23T14:29:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:29, 23 December 2025
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	!Implementing organization(s)		!Implementing organization(s)
	!Year of activity		!Year of activity
	\|-
	~~\|5 Protection & restoration~~
	~~\|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat~~
	\|Ongoing projects include the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary, the Mount Bamboutos Integral Ecological Reserve, and the Tofala-Mone Forest Corridor. ERuDeF is also assisting the government in protecting apes in the Mak/Betchou Forest, Nkingkwa Hills and Tofala-Mone Forest Corridor (Nkemngu 2017).
	\|
	~~\|Ongoing (2017)~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Education & awareness		\|4 Education & awareness
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	\|		\|
	\|Unknown		\|Unknown
			\|-
			\|5 Protection & restoration
			\|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
			\|Ongoing projects include the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary, the Mount Bamboutos Integral Ecological Reserve, and the Tofala-Mone Forest Corridor. ERuDeF is also assisting the government in protecting apes in the Mak/Betchou Forest, Nkingkwa Hills and Tofala-Mone Forest Corridor (Nkemngu 2017).
			\|
			\|Ongoing (2017)
	\|-		\|-
	\|7 Economic & other incentives		\|7 Economic & other incentives

WikiEdit: Created page with "Central Africa > Cameroon > Lebialem Complex '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lebialem_Complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lebialem_Complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lebialem_Complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_..."

2025-10-30T17:52:58Z

Created page with "Central Africa > Cameroon > Lebialem Complex '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lebialem_Complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lebialem_Complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lebialem_Complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_..."

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Lebialem Complex]]

'''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lebialem_Complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lebialem_Complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lebialem_Complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lebialem_Complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lebialem_Complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|5.624129, 9.659034~[[Lebialem Complex]]~''Pan troglodytes ellioti'', ''Gorilla gorilla diehli''}}</div>
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') & Cross river gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla diehli'') are present in Lebialem Complex.
* The population sizes are unknown.
* The population trends are unknown.
* The size of the site is unknown.
* Key threats to great apes are expansion of slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting.
* Conservation activities have focused on environmental education and efforts to increase protected areas in the landscape.

= Site characteristics =

The Lebialem Complex (also known as the Lebialem Highlands) is situated in southwestern Cameroon, between [[Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary]] to the south and the [[Mone-Oko Complex]] to the north. It consists of a series of forests located directly to the west of some of the highest human population densities in the region (Morgan et al. 2011). The site was identified as a "chimpanzee conservation planning unit" (CCPU) in the IUCN Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of the Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee. The site was identified as an area with relatively high chimpanzee density and high potential chimpanzee habitat (Morgan et al. 2011). Lebialem contains some of Africa’s most threatened primate species, including the Cross River gorilla, Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, drill and Preuss’s guenon (Wright & Priston 2010).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Lebialem Complex'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti'', ''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
|-
|Area
|
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 5.624129 , Lon: 9.659034
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

In March 2018, 20 chimpanzees were recorded in a single group in the area (survey method unknown; [https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands/ ERuDeF]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Lebialem Complex'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|
|
|
|
|
|Lebialem Complex
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
|
|
|
|
|
|Lebialem Complex
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

Main threats to wildlife in the area include forest conversion to farmland, corridor fragmentation and poaching ([https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands-initiative/ ERuDeF]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Lebialem Complex'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Hunting, mainly for income generation (Wright & Priston 2010, Nkemngu 2017).
|2010-Ongoing (2017)
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Forest clearance for agriculture (Morgan et al. 2011). Widespread slash-and-burn agriculture within and on the periphery of protected areas (Nkemngu 2017).
|2011-Ongoing (2017)
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|Present (unknown severity)
|Overgrazing has exacerbated habitat loss (Nkemngu 2017).
|Ongoing (2017)
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Present (unknown severity)
|Mining (Nkemngu 2017).
|Ongoing (2017)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|Present (unknown severity)
|Unsustainable exploitation of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) (Nkemngu 2017).
|Ongoing (2017)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

The Environment and Rural Development Foundation (ERuDeF) is a central NGO in the implementation of conservation efforts in the Lebialem highlands since 2004 ([https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands/ ERuDeF], Nkemngu 2017). In 2010, with funding from Taiwan, the ARCUS Foundation and Flora and Fauna International, a process was launched to assist the Government of Cameroon to create the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary (Nkemngu 2017).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Lebialem Complex'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|Ongoing projects include the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary, the Mount Bamboutos Integral Ecological Reserve, and the Tofala-Mone Forest Corridor. ERuDeF is also assisting the government in protecting apes in the Mak/Betchou Forest, Nkingkwa Hills and Tofala-Mone Forest Corridor (Nkemngu 2017).
|
|Ongoing (2017)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands/ ERuDeF] have been conducting environmental education in the areas with support from Tusk trust, Taiwan government, Man and Nature and other partners. ERuDeF has also donated books to schools and supports school fees for orphans and children around the area to be protected.
|
|Unknown
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.4 Regularly play TV and radio announcements to raise ape conservation awareness
|Community radio programs supported by [https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands/ ERuDeF].
|
|Unknown
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands/ ERuDeF] with support from partners has supported public information system through the green vision news paper, online publication and flyers.
|
|Unknown
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands/ ERuDeF] constructed permanent toilets for two schools around the proposed Mak-Betchou wildlife sanctuary.
|
|Unknown
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Lebialem Complex'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|Nkemngu 2017
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.2 Lack of government support
|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands-initiative/ ERuDeF]
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.1 Lack of capacity/training
|[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands-initiative/ ERuDeF]
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Lebialem Complex'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Lebialem Complex'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

[https://erudef.org/lebialem-highlands/ ERuDeF]

= References =

Morgan, B. J., Adeleke, A., Bassey, T., Bergl, R., Dunn, A., Fotso, R., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2011). Regional action plan for the conservation of the Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Zoological Society of San Diego.

Nkemngu, A. (2017, January 31). NGO takes action to save great apes in Cameroon’s Lebialem Highlands. Retrieved from Mongabay. Online: https://news.mongabay.com/2017/01/ngo-takes-action-to-save-great-apes-in-cameroons-lebialem-highlands/

Wright, J. H., & Priston, N. E. (2010). Hunting and trapping in Lebialem Division, Cameroon: bushmeat harvesting practices and human reliance. Endangered species research, 11(1), 1-12.

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-07-04