Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve - Revision history

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	<span id="R01103"></span>White, F. J. (1996). Pan paniscus 1973 to 1996: Twenty-three years of field research. ''Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews'', 5(1), 11-17. [https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1996)5:1<11::aid-evan5>3.0.co;2-z doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1996)5:1<11::aid-evan5>3.0.co;2-z]		<span id="R01103"></span>White, F. J. (1996). Pan paniscus 1973 to 1996: Twenty-three years of field research. ''Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews'', 5(1), 11-17. [https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1996)5:1<11::aid-evan5>3.0.co;2-z doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1996)5:1<11::aid-evan5>3.0.co;2-z]

	<span id="R02248"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02248"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

WikiEdit at 14:34, 15 October 2026

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	<span id="R01103"></span>White, F. J. (1996). Pan paniscus 1973 to 1996: Twenty-three years of field research. ''Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews'', 5(1), 11-17. [https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1996)5:1<11::aid-evan5>3.0.co;2-z doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1996)5:1<11::aid-evan5>3.0.co;2-z]		<span id="R01103"></span>White, F. J. (1996). Pan paniscus 1973 to 1996: Twenty-three years of field research. ''Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews'', 5(1), 11-17. [https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1996)5:1<11::aid-evan5>3.0.co;2-z doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1996)5:1<11::aid-evan5>3.0.co;2-z]

	<span id="R02248"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02248"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

WikiEdit at 20:29, 12 October 2026

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Show changes

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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve'''

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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan paniscus''		\|''Pan paniscus''
	\|~~2004~~		\|2012
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|0.1-0.7		\|0.26 (0.13-0.52)
	\|~~362.5~~-2,~~537.5~~		\|959 (484-1,903)
	\|Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve		\|Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve
	\|Line transects		\|Line transects & recces
			\|Distance sampling with adopted decay time
			\|Lushimba 2012
	\|		\|
	~~\|Omasombo et al. 2005~~
	~~\|81 beds/km2 in the L-plot, and 12 beds/km2 in the Y-plot~~
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan paniscus''		\|''Pan paniscus''
	\|~~2012~~		\|2004
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|0.~~26 (0.13~~-0.~~52)~~		\|0.1-0.7
	\|~~959 (484~~-1,~~903)~~		\|362.5-2,537.5
	\|Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve		\|Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve
	\|Line transects ~~& recces~~		\|Line transects
	~~\|Distance sampling with adopted decay time~~
	~~\|Lushimba 2012~~
	\|		\|
			\|Omasombo et al. 2005
			\|81 beds/km2 in the L-plot, and 12 beds/km2 in the Y-plot
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
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	= References =		= References =

	Arcus Foundation. (2020, February 14). A ~~Rare View~~ of the ~~Forgotten Ape~~: Documenting ~~Bonobos~~ in ~~Their Natural Habitat~~. Retrieved October 26, 2020, from https://www.arcusfoundation.org/blog/great-apes/a-rare-view-of-the-forgotten-ape-documenting-bonobos-in-their-natural-habitat/ <br>		Arcus Foundation. (2020, February 14). A rare view of the forgotten ape: Documenting bonobos in their natural habitat. Retrieved October 26, 2020, from https://www.arcusfoundation.org/blog/great-apes/a-rare-view-of-the-forgotten-ape-documenting-bonobos-in-their-natural-habitat/ <br>
	Badrian A, Badrian N. (1977). Pygmy chimpanzees. Oryx, 14, 463–468. https://doi.org/10.1017/~~s0030605300014502~~ <br>
			Badrian, A., & Badrian, N. (1977). Pygmy chimpanzees. Oryx, 14, 463–468. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300014502 <br>

	Dupain, J., Van Krunkelsven, E., Van Elsacker, L., & Verheyen, R. F. (2000). Current status of the bonobo (Pan paniscus) in the proposed Lomako Reserve (Democratic Republic of Congo). Biological Conservation, 94, 265–272. <br>		Dupain, J., Van Krunkelsven, E., Van Elsacker, L., & Verheyen, R. F. (2000). Current status of the bonobo (Pan paniscus) in the proposed Lomako Reserve (Democratic Republic of Congo). Biological Conservation, 94, 265–272. <br>
	Dupain, J., Van Elsacker, L. (2002). Status of the ~~Proposed~~ Lomako Forest Bonobo Reserve: A ~~Case Study~~ of the ~~Bushmeat Trade~~. In~~: Galdikas,~~ B.M.F.~~, Briggs~~, N.E.~~, Sheeran~~, L.K.~~, Shapiro~~, G.L., ~~Goodall,~~ J. (~~eds~~) All ~~Apes Great~~ and ~~Small~~. Developments in ~~Primatology~~: Progress and ~~Prospects~~. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47461-1_25 <br>
	Dupain J, Van Elsacker L, Nell C, Garcia P, Ponce F, Huffman MA. (2002). New evidence for leaf swallowing and Oesophagostomum infection in bonobos (Pan paniscus). International Journal of Primatology, 23, ~~1053-1062~~. <br>		Dupain, J., & Van Elsacker, L. (2002). Status of the proposed Lomako Forest Bonobo Reserve: A case study of the bushmeat trade. In B. M. F. Galdikas, N. E. Briggs, L. K. Sheeran, G. L. Shapiro, & J. Goodall (Eds.), All apes great and small. Developments in primatology: Progress and prospects. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47461-1_25 <br>
	Dupain, J. (2003). The proposed Lomako Forest Reserve of the Democratic Republic of Congo: ~~urgent~~ action needed. Oryx~~. Vol.~~ 37(4), ~~3-4~~. <br>
	Fruth, B., Hickey, J.R., André, C., Furuichi, T., Hart, J., Hart, T., Kuehl, H., Maisels, F., Nackoney, J., Reinartz, G., Sop, T., Thompson, J. & Williamson, E.A. (2016). Pan paniscus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15932A102331567. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15932A17964305.en <br>		Dupain, J., Van Elsacker, L., Nell, C., Garcia, P., Ponce, F., & Huffman, M. A. (2002). New evidence for leaf swallowing and Oesophagostomum infection in bonobos (Pan paniscus). International Journal of Primatology, 23, 1053–1062. <br>
	Lushimba, ~~Abdelhalim~~. (2012). Large mammals and human activities in Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve (DRC). <br>
	Maputla N, Lushimba A, Kasa P, Facheux C, Muruthi P. (2020). First record of a breeding forest elephant herd in the Lomako Yokokala Faunal Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. ~~Afr J Ecol~~, 58, 537–539. https ://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12725 <br>		Dupain, J. (2003). The proposed Lomako Forest Reserve of the Democratic Republic of Congo: Urgent action needed. Oryx, 37(4), 3–4. <br>
	NKONO, J. 2021 ~~Evalution~~ de la ~~dynamiques~~ des ~~population~~ des ~~grand~~ et ~~moyen mammiferes~~ dans la ~~reseve~~ de faune ~~domako~~-~~Yokokala_Rapport_Inventaire_Faunique_RFLY_2021~~ <br>
	Omasombo,V., Bokelo,D. & Dupain, J. (2005). Current ~~Status~~ of ~~Bonobos~~ and ~~Other Large Mammals~~ in the ~~Proposed~~ Forest Reserve of Lomako-Yokokala, Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Pan Africa News, 12(2), ~~14-17~~. <br>		Fruth, B., Hickey, J. R., André, C., Furuichi, T., Hart, J., Hart, T., Kuehl, H., Maisels, F., Nackoney, J., Reinartz, G., Sop, T., Thompson, J., & Williamson, E. A. (2016). Pan paniscus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15932A102331567. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15932A17964305.en <br>
	Pierard,M., Dupain,J. & Van Elsacker,L. (1999). The Congo Peacock Afropavo congensis in the Lomako Forest, Equateur Province. Afropavo, 5. <br>
	Sakamakai T., Mashini C., & Dupain J. (2020). Development of bonobo tourism in the Lomako Yokokala Faunal Reserve, DRC. Pan Africa News xx: xx–xx. <br>		Lushimba, A. (2012). Large mammals and human activities in Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve (DRC). <br>
	Thompson-Handler,N., Malenky, R. K., ~~and~~ Reinartz, G.E. (1995). Action plan for Pan paniscus: ~~report~~ on free-ranging populations and ~~Proposals~~ for their ~~Preservation~~. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Zoological ~~society~~ of Milwaukee County. <br>
	Vosper, A. (2010). Large mammal survey in the Faunal ~~reserve~~ of Lomako-Yokokala, African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) ~~32p~~. <br>		Maputla, N., Lushimba, A., Kasa, P., Facheux, C., & Muruthi, P. (2020). First record of a breeding forest elephant herd in the Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. African Journal of Ecology, 58, 537–539. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12725 <br>
	Wakefield ML, Hickmott AJ, Brand CM, Takaoka IY, Meador LM, Waller MT, White FJ. (2019). New observations of meat eating and sharing in wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) at Iyema, Lomako Forest Reserve, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Folia ~~Primatol~~, 90, 179–189. <br>
	White FJ. (1996). Pan paniscus 1973 to 1996: Twenty-three years of field research. Evolutionary Anthropology, 5, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1002(SICI)1520-6505(1996)5:1%3C11::AID-EVAN5%3E3.0.CO;2-Z <br>		NKONO, J. (2021). Evaluation de la dynamique des populations des grands et moyens mammifères dans la réserve de faune Lomako-Yokokala. Rapport d'inventaire faunique RFLY 2021. <br>

			Omasombo, V., Bokelo, D., & Dupain, J. (2005). Current status of bonobos and other large mammals in the proposed Forest Reserve of Lomako-Yokokala, Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Pan Africa News, 12(2), 14–17. <br>

			Pierard, M., Dupain, J., & Van Elsacker, L. (1999). The Congo Peacock Afropavo congensis in the Lomako Forest, Equateur Province. Afropavo, 5. <br>

			Sakamakai, T., Mashini, C., & Dupain, J. (2020). Development of bonobo tourism in the Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve, DRC. Pan Africa News, xx, xx–xx. <br>

			Thompson-Handler, N., Malenky, R. K., & Reinartz, G. E. (1995). Action plan for Pan paniscus: Report on free-ranging populations and proposals for their preservation. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Zoological Society of Milwaukee County. <br>

			Vosper, A. (2010). Large mammal survey in the Faunal Reserve of Lomako-Yokokala. African Wildlife Foundation (AWF), 32 pp. <br>

			Wakefield, M. L., Hickmott, A. J., Brand, C. M., Takaoka, I. Y., Meador, L. M., Waller, M. T., & White, F. J. (2019). New observations of meat eating and sharing in wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) at Iyema, Lomako Forest Reserve, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Folia Primatologica, 90, 179–189. <br>

			White, F. J. (1996). Pan paniscus 1973 to 1996: Twenty-three years of field research. Evolutionary Anthropology, 5, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1996)5:1%3C11::AID-EVAN5%3E3.0.CO;2-Z <br>

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	!Source		!Source
	!Year(s)		!Year(s)
	\|-
	~~\|2 Resources and capacity~~
	~~\|2.3 General lack of funding~~
	~~\|Dupain pers. comm.~~
	\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
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	\|Sakamaki T. pers. comm. 2025		\|Sakamaki T. pers. comm. 2025
	\|Ongoing (2025)		\|Ongoing (2025)
			\|-
			\|2 Resources and capacity
			\|2.3 General lack of funding
			\|Dupain pers. comm.
			\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity

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	* Bonobos are mainly threatened by poaching.		* Bonobos are mainly threatened by poaching.
	* Conservation activities have focused on regular anti-poaching patrols and habituating bonobos for the purpose of eco-tourism and research.		* Conservation activities have focused on regular anti-poaching patrols and habituating bonobos for the purpose of eco-tourism and research.

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	!Year of activity		!Year of activity
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~6 Species management~~		\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
	\|6.~~1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers~~		\|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
	\|~~Habituation of bonobos at the Ndele and Iyema sites in the Lomako Reserve began in 1974 by Alison and Noel Badrian~~ (~~Badrian & Badrian 1977~~) ~~and in 1995 by~~ the ~~Royal Zoological Society~~ of Antwerp (Dupain & van Elsacker 2002), respectively. Following a period of interruption during the wars, intermittent efforts to habituate bonobos for both tourism and scientific research have continued since the establishment of the RFLY in 2006 (Sakamaki, Mashini & Dupain 2020). At present, the Antwerp Zoo Foundation conducts daily monitoring of one well-habituated bonobo group (the Tolende Group, comprising 30 individuals), and occasionally monitors neighbouring groups (Sakamaki, pers. comm. 2025).		\|Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) manages the patrols of rangers.
	\|~~African Wildlife Foundation, Antwerp Zoo Foundation~~		\|
	\|~~1995, 2006-~~Ongoing (~~2025~~)		\|Ongoing (2021)
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Education & awareness		\|4 Education & awareness
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	\|2021-Ongoing (2025)		\|2021-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~2 Counter-wildlife crime~~		\|6 Species management
	\|2.~~3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols~~		\|6.1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers
	\|~~Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature~~ (~~ICCN~~) ~~manages~~ the ~~patrols~~ of ~~rangers~~.		\|Habituation of bonobos at the Ndele and Iyema sites in the Lomako Reserve began in 1974 by Alison and Noel Badrian (Badrian & Badrian 1977) and in 1995 by the Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp (Dupain & van Elsacker 2002), respectively. Following a period of interruption during the wars, intermittent efforts to habituate bonobos for both tourism and scientific research have continued since the establishment of the RFLY in 2006 (Sakamaki, Mashini & Dupain 2020). At present, the Antwerp Zoo Foundation conducts daily monitoring of one well-habituated bonobo group (the Tolende Group, comprising 30 individuals), and occasionally monitors neighbouring groups (Sakamaki, pers. comm. 2025).
	\|		\|African Wildlife Foundation, Antwerp Zoo Foundation
	\|Ongoing (~~2021~~)		\|1995, 2006-Ongoing (2025)
	\|}		\|}

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	!Source		!Source
	!Year(s)		!Year(s)
	\|-
	~~\|1 Site management~~
	\|
	\|
	\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
	\|2.~~6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources~~		\|2.2 Sufficient funding
	\|Sakamaki T. pers. comm. 2025		\|Sakamaki T. pers. comm. 2025
	\|Ongoing (2025)		\|Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
	\|2.~~2 Sufficient funding~~		\|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
	\|Sakamaki T. pers. comm. 2025		\|Sakamaki T. pers. comm. 2025
	\|Ongoing (2025)		\|Ongoing (2025)
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	\|Sakamaki T. pers. comm. 2025		\|Sakamaki T. pers. comm. 2025
	\|Ongoing (2025)		\|Ongoing (2025)
			\|-
			\|1 Site management
			\|
			\|
			\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Institutional support		\|4 Institutional support

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	<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Lomako-Yokokala.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly ~~inLomako~~-Yokokala Faunal Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Lomako-Yokokala.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly ~~inLomako~~-Yokokala Faunal Reserve]] </li></ul></div>		<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Lomako-Yokokala.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly in Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Lomako-Yokokala.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly in Lomako-Yokokala Faunal Reserve]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =