Luo Scientific Reserve - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:53, 15 October 2026

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	<span id="R01140"></span>Nackoney, J., Molinario, G., Potapov, P., Turubanova, S., Hansen, M. C., & Furuichi, T. (2014). Impacts of civil conflict on primary forest habitat in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1990–2010. ''Biological Conservation'', 170, 321-328. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033 doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033]		<span id="R01140"></span>Nackoney, J., Molinario, G., Potapov, P., Turubanova, S., Hansen, M. C., & Furuichi, T. (2014). Impacts of civil conflict on primary forest habitat in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1990–2010. ''Biological Conservation'', 170, 321-328. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033 doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033]

	<span id="R02253"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02253"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''Takeshi Furuichi''' Date:''' 2020-12-01		'''Page created by: '''Takeshi Furuichi''' Date:''' 2020-12-01

WikiEdit at 14:34, 15 October 2026

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	<span id="R01140"></span>Nackoney, J., Molinario, G., Potapov, P., Turubanova, S., Hansen, M. C., & Furuichi, T. (2014). Impacts of civil conflict on primary forest habitat in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1990–2010. ''Biological Conservation'', 170, 321-328. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033 doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033]		<span id="R01140"></span>Nackoney, J., Molinario, G., Potapov, P., Turubanova, S., Hansen, M. C., & Furuichi, T. (2014). Impacts of civil conflict on primary forest habitat in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1990–2010. ''Biological Conservation'', 170, 321-328. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033 doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033]

	<span id="R02253"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02253"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''Takeshi Furuichi''' Date:''' 2020-12-01		'''Page created by: '''Takeshi Furuichi''' Date:''' 2020-12-01

WikiEdit at 20:29, 12 October 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 16:29, 12 October 2026
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	\|Line transects		\|Line transects
	\|		\|
	\|Hashimoto & Furuichi, 2001		\|[[#R01137\|Hashimoto & Furuichi, 2001]]
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	\|Full count		\|Full count
	\|		\|
	\|Hashimoto & Furuichi, 2001		\|[[#R01137\|Hashimoto & Furuichi, 2001]]
	\|Density was estimated by number of individuals/ranging area for two study groups.		\|Density was estimated by number of individuals/ranging area for two study groups.
	\|		\|
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	\|6 Safety and stability		\|6 Safety and stability
	\|6.3 Civil unrest/war		\|6.3 Civil unrest/war
	\|Nackoney et al, 2014; Idani et al, 2008		\|[[#R01140\|Nackoney et al, 2014]]; [[#R01138\|Idani et al, 2008]]
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02253\|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02253\|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Luo Scientific Reserve'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Luo Scientific Reserve'''
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	= References =		= References =

	Kano T (1992) The Last Ape: Pygmy Chimpanzee Behavior and Ecology. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California		<span id="R01135"></span>Kano T (1992) The Last Ape: Pygmy Chimpanzee Behavior and Ecology. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California

	Kano T, Bongoli L, Idani G, Hashimoto C (1996) The challenge of Wamba. Etica & Animali 8/96: 68-74		<span id="R01136"></span>Kano T, Bongoli L, Idani G, Hashimoto C (1996) The challenge of Wamba. Etica & Animali 8/96: 68-74

	Hashimoto C, Furuichi T (2001) Current situation of bonobos in the Luo Reserve, Equateur, Democratic Republic of Congo. In: All apes great and small, vol.1: African Apes Kluwer Acad/Plenum, New York, pp 83-93		<span id="R01137"></span>Hashimoto C, Furuichi T (2001) Current situation of bonobos in the Luo Reserve, Equateur, Democratic Republic of Congo. In: All apes great and small, vol.1: African Apes Kluwer Acad/Plenum, New York, pp 83-93 [https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47461-1_8 doi:10.1007/0-306-47461-1_8]

	Idani G, Mwanza N, Ihobe H, Hashimoto C, Tashiro Y, Furuichi T (2008) Changes in the ~~status~~ of ~~bonobos~~, their ~~habitat~~, and the ~~situation~~ of ~~humans~~ at Wamba in the Luo Scientific Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. In: Furuichi T, Thompson J (~~eds~~) The ~~bonobos~~: ~~behavior~~, ~~ecology~~, and ~~conservation~~. Springer, New York~~, pp 291~~-~~302~~		<span id="R01138"></span>Idani, G., Mwanza, N., Ihobe, H., Hashimoto, C., Tashiro, Y., & Furuichi, T. (2008). Changes in the Status of Bonobos, their Habitat, and the Situation of Humans at Wamba in the Luo Scientific Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. In Furuichi, T., & Thompson, J. (Eds.), ''The Bonobos: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation'' (pp. 291-302). Springer New York. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74787-3_15 doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74787-3_15]

	Furuichi T et al. (2012) Long-term studies on wild bonobos at Wamba, Luo Scientific Reserve, D. R. Congo: towards the understanding of female life history in a male-philopatric species. In: Kappeler PM, Watts DP (eds) Long-term field studies of primates. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 413-433		<span id="R01139"></span>Furuichi T et al. (2012) Long-term studies on wild bonobos at Wamba, Luo Scientific Reserve, D. R. Congo: towards the understanding of female life history in a male-philopatric species. In: Kappeler PM, Watts DP (eds) Long-term field studies of primates. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 413-433 [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22514-7_18 doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22514-7_18]

	Nackoney J, Molinario G, Potapov P, Turubanova S, Hansen MC, Furuichi T (2014) Impacts of civil conflict on primary forest habitat in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1990–2010. ~~Biol Conserv http~~://~~dx.~~doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033		<span id="R01140"></span>Nackoney, J., Molinario, G., Potapov, P., Turubanova, S., Hansen, M. C., & Furuichi, T. (2014). Impacts of civil conflict on primary forest habitat in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1990–2010. ''Biological Conservation'', 170, 321-328. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033 doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033]

			<span id="R02253"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''Takeshi Furuichi''' Date:''' 2020-12-01		'''Page created by: '''Takeshi Furuichi''' Date:''' 2020-12-01

WikiEdit at 12:17, 3 September 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 08:17, 3 September 2026
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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Luo Scientific Reserve'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Luo Scientific Reserve'''

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	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|0.48		\|0.36
	\|~~231~~.0		\|173.0
	\|Luo Scientific Reserve (481 km²)		\|Luo Scientific Reserve (481 km²)
	\|~~Full count~~		\|Line transects
	\|		\|
	\|Hashimoto & Furuichi, 2001		\|Hashimoto & Furuichi, 2001
	\|~~Density was estimated by number of individuals/ranging area for two study groups.~~		\|
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|0.36		\|0.48
	\|~~173~~.0		\|231.0
	\|Luo Scientific Reserve (481 km²)		\|Luo Scientific Reserve (481 km²)
	\|~~Line transects~~		\|Full count
	\|		\|
	\|Hashimoto & Furuichi, 2001		\|Hashimoto & Furuichi, 2001
	\|		\|Density was estimated by number of individuals/ranging area for two study groups.
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}

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	!Source		!Source
	!Year(s)		!Year(s)
			\|-
			\|3 Engaged community
			\|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support
			\|Furuichi pers. comm. 2020
			\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|6 Safety and stability		\|6 Safety and stability
	\|6.3 Civil unrest/war		\|6.3 Civil unrest/war
	\|Nackoney et al, 2014; Idani et al, 2008		\|Nackoney et al, 2014; Idani et al, 2008
	\|
	\|-
	~~\|3 Engaged community~~
	~~\|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support~~
	~~\|Furuichi pers. comm. 2020~~
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}

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	* Conservation activities have focused on the maintenance of infrastructure, medical services, and education.		* Conservation activities have focused on the maintenance of infrastructure, medical services, and education.
	* Long-term studies on wild bonobos began at Wamba, Luo Scientific Reserve, in 1973.		* Long-term studies on wild bonobos began at Wamba, Luo Scientific Reserve, in 1973.





	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =
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	!Description		!Description
	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
			\|-
			\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
			\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
			\|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
			\|Agricultural expansion into the protected area (Furuichi pers. comm. 2020)
			\|Ongoing (2020)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
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	\|Bonobos in the northern sector decreased to 40% between 1991 and 2002 during civil conflict due to hunting by soldiers and local people, but they steadily recovered after 2003 when we resumed the study (Furuichi pers. comm. 2020).		\|Bonobos in the northern sector decreased to 40% between 1991 and 2002 during civil conflict due to hunting by soldiers and local people, but they steadily recovered after 2003 when we resumed the study (Furuichi pers. comm. 2020).
	\|1991-1996, 1996-2002		\|1991-1996, 1996-2002
	\|-
	~~\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture~~
	~~\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops~~
	~~\|Medium (30-70% of population affected)~~
	~~\|Agricultural expansion into the protected area (Furuichi pers. comm. 2020)~~
	~~\|Ongoing (2020)~~
	\|}		\|}

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	<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Luo_Scientific_Reserve.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly ~~inLuo~~ Scientific Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Luo_Scientific_Reserve.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly ~~inLuo~~ Scientific Reserve]] </li></ul></div>		<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Luo_Scientific_Reserve.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly in Luo Scientific Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Luo_Scientific_Reserve.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly in Luo Scientific Reserve]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =

WikiEdit at 06:52, 6 November 2025

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← Older revision		Revision as of 02:52, 6 November 2025
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	\|		\|
	\|0.48		\|0.48
	\|231		\|231.0
	\|Luo Scientific Reserve (481 km²)		\|Luo Scientific Reserve (481 km²)
	\|Full count		\|Full count
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	\|		\|
	\|0.36		\|0.36
	\|173		\|173.0
	\|Luo Scientific Reserve (481 km²)		\|Luo Scientific Reserve (481 km²)
	\|Line transects		\|Line transects
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			<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Luo_Scientific_Reserve.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly inLuo Scientific Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Luo_Scientific_Reserve.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly inLuo Scientific Reserve]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =

WikiEdit at 08:15, 31 October 2025

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	\|3.8		\|3.8
	\|9.1		\|9.1
	\|9.~~8000000000000007~~		\|9.8
	\|9.~~1999999999999993~~		\|9.2
	\|9.~~3000000000000007~~		\|9.3
	\|-		\|-
	\|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)		\|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
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	\|0.3		\|0.3
	\|30		\|30
	\|0.~~28000000000000003~~		\|0.28
	\|29		\|29
	\|0.31		\|0.31