Maiko National Park - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:53, 15 October 2026

2026-10-15T21:53:51Z

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	<span id="R01150"></span>Plumptre, A. J., Nixon, S., Kujirakwinja, D. K., Vieilledent, G., Critchlow, R., Williamson, E. A., …, & Hall, J. S. (2016). Catastrophic Decline of World's Largest Primate: 80% Loss of Grauer's Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) Population Justifies Critically Endangered Status. ''PLOS ONE'', 11(10), e0162697. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162697 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162697]		<span id="R01150"></span>Plumptre, A. J., Nixon, S., Kujirakwinja, D. K., Vieilledent, G., Critchlow, R., Williamson, E. A., …, & Hall, J. S. (2016). Catastrophic Decline of World's Largest Primate: 80% Loss of Grauer's Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) Population Justifies Critically Endangered Status. ''PLOS ONE'', 11(10), e0162697. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162697 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162697]

	<span id="R02255"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02255"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

WikiEdit at 14:34, 15 October 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:34, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R01150"></span>Plumptre, A. J., Nixon, S., Kujirakwinja, D. K., Vieilledent, G., Critchlow, R., Williamson, E. A., …, & Hall, J. S. (2016). Catastrophic Decline of World's Largest Primate: 80% Loss of Grauer's Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) Population Justifies Critically Endangered Status. ''PLOS ONE'', 11(10), e0162697. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162697 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162697]		<span id="R01150"></span>Plumptre, A. J., Nixon, S., Kujirakwinja, D. K., Vieilledent, G., Critchlow, R., Williamson, E. A., …, & Hall, J. S. (2016). Catastrophic Decline of World's Largest Primate: 80% Loss of Grauer's Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) Population Justifies Critically Endangered Status. ''PLOS ONE'', 11(10), e0162697. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162697 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162697]

	<span id="R02255"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02255"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

WikiEdit at 19:10, 14 October 2026

2026-10-14T19:10:56Z

WikiEdit at 20:29, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T20:29:14Z

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WikiEdit at 12:17, 3 September 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 08:17, 3 September 2026
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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Maiko National Park'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Maiko National Park'''

WikiEdit at 14:47, 1 September 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:47, 1 September 2026
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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''		\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
	\|~~2014~~-~~2015~~		\|2020-2023
			\|Present
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|~~0.001~~		\|127
	~~\|15.0~~
	\|Maiko National Park		\|Maiko National Park
	\|~~Survey data,~~ Reconnaissance walk~~, Line transects~~		\|Reconnaissance walk
	\|		\|
	\|~~Plumptre~~ et al. ~~2015~~		\|Kyungu Kasolene et al. 2024
	\|~~Abundance~~ and ~~density estimates are based on encounter rate data~~ (~~from transects whenever possible~~).		\|The survey was carried out in the accessible zones of Maiko National Park, using patrol-based reconnaissance routes (RECCE), GPS, CyberTracker, and SMART Mobile. The analysis also employed the SMART database, IKA (Indice Kilométrique d’Abondance), and other tools.
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''		\|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
	\|~~2014~~-~~2015~~		\|2020-2023
			\|Present
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|~~0.006~~		\|196
	~~\|60.0~~
	\|Maiko National Park		\|Maiko National Park
	\|~~Survey data,~~ Reconnaissance walk~~, Line transects~~		\|Reconnaissance walk
	\|		\|
	\|~~Plumptre~~ et al. ~~2015~~		\|Kyungu Kasolene et al. 2024
	\|~~Abundance~~ and ~~density estimates are based on encounter rate data~~ (~~from transects whenever possible~~).		\|The survey was carried out in the accessible zones of Maiko National Park, using patrol-based reconnaissance routes (RECCE), GPS, CyberTracker, and SMART Mobile. The analysis also employed the SMART database, IKA (Indice Kilométrique d’Abondance), and other tools.
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''		\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
	\|~~2020~~-~~2023~~		\|2014-2015
	~~\|Present~~
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|~~127~~		\|0.001
			\|15.0
	\|Maiko National Park		\|Maiko National Park
	\|Reconnaissance walk		\|Survey data, Reconnaissance walk, Line transects
	\|		\|
	\|~~Kyungu Kasolene~~ et al. ~~2024~~		\|Plumptre et al. 2015
	\|~~The survey was carried out in the accessible zones of Maiko National Park, using patrol-~~based ~~reconnaissance routes (RECCE), GPS, CyberTracker, and SMART Mobile. The analysis also employed the SMART database, IKA~~ (~~Indice Kilométrique d’Abondance~~)~~, and other tools~~.		\|Abundance and density estimates are based on encounter rate data (from transects whenever possible).
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''		\|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
	\|~~2020~~-~~2023~~		\|2014-2015
	~~\|Present~~
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|~~196~~		\|0.006
			\|60.0
	\|Maiko National Park		\|Maiko National Park
	\|Reconnaissance walk		\|Survey data, Reconnaissance walk, Line transects
	\|		\|
	\|~~Kyungu Kasolene~~ et al. ~~2024~~		\|Plumptre et al. 2015
	\|~~The survey was carried out in the accessible zones of Maiko National Park, using patrol-~~based ~~reconnaissance routes (RECCE), GPS, CyberTracker, and SMART Mobile. The analysis also employed the SMART database, IKA~~ (~~Indice Kilométrique d’Abondance~~)~~, and other tools~~.		\|Abundance and density estimates are based on encounter rate data (from transects whenever possible).
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	= References =		= References =

	~~Kyungu Kasolene, K., Malema, C., & Mayanga, P~~. (~~2024~~). ~~La diversité faunique face aux activités anthropiques entre 2020 et 2023, un enjeu pour la conservation du Parc national de~~ Maiko. ~~Annales de l’Université de Goma, XIV(2), 510–522~~. ~~<br>~~		BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Maiko National Park. Online: http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/maiko-national-park-iba-congo-the-democratic-republic-of-the/text <br>
	~~Maldonado, O~~.~~, Aveling, C., Cox, D., Nixon, S., Nishuli, R., Merlo, D., Pintea, L. & Williamson, E.A. (2012). Grauer’s Gorillas and Chimpanzees in Eastern Democratic Republic~~ of ~~Congo (Kahuzi~~-~~Biega, Maiko, Tayna and Itombwe Landscape): Conservation Action Plan 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN~~/~~SSC Primate Specialist Group, Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation & Tourism, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature & the Jane Goodall Institute. 66pp.~~ <br>

	~~Plumptre~~, ~~A.J., Nixon, S., Critchlow, R., Vieilledent, G., Nishuli, R~~.~~, Kirkby, A~~., ~~Williamson~~, ~~E.A~~., ~~Hall, J.S.~~ & ~~Kujirakwinja~~, D. (~~2015~~). ~~Status~~ of ~~Grauer’s gorilla and chimpanzees~~ in ~~eastern~~ Democratic Republic of Congo: ~~Historical and current distribution and abundance~~. ~~Unpublished report to Arcus Foundation, USAID and US Fish and Wildlife Service~~.		Consolee, K. T., Luan, X., & Cong, L. (2024). Anthropogenic pressures on gorillas: A case of Grauer's gorillas in Maiko National Park, the Democratic Republic of Congo. Diversity, 16(4), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16040236 <br>

	~~Plumptre~~, ~~A.J~~., ~~Nixon, S~~., ~~Kujirakwinja, D.K., Vieilledent, G., Critchlow, R., Williamson E.A.~~, ~~et al~~. ~~(2016). Catastrophic Decline of World's Largest Primate~~: ~~80% Loss of Grauer's Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) Population Justifies Critically Endangered Status. PLoS ONE 11(10): e0162697.~~ https://~~doi~~.~~org~~/~~10.1371~~/~~journal.pone.0162697~~		Fritts, R. (2019, July 16). Agriculture, mining, hunting push critically endangered gorillas to the brink. Online: https://news.mongabay.com/2019/07/agriculture-mining-hunting-push-critically-endangered-gorillas-to-the-brink/ <br>

	BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Maiko National Park. Online: http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/maiko-national-park-iba-congo-the-democratic-republic-of-the/text <br>		Kyungu Kasolene, K., Malema, C., & Mayanga, P. (2024). La diversité faunique face aux activités anthropiques entre 2020 et 2023, un enjeu pour la conservation du Parc national de Maiko. Annales de l’Université de Goma, XIV(2), 510–522. <br>
	~~Consolee~~, K~~. T~~., ~~Luan~~, X., & ~~Cong~~, L. (2024). ~~Anthropogenic pressures on gorillas: A case of Grauer's gorillas in~~ Maiko ~~National Park, the Democratic Republic of Congo~~. ~~Diversity~~, 16(4), ~~236. https://doi.org/10~~.~~3390/d16040236~~ <br>

			Maldonado, O., Aveling, C., Cox, D., Nixon, S., Nishuli, R., Merlo, D., Pintea, L., & Williamson, E. A. (2012). Grauer’s gorillas and chimpanzees in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kahuzi-Biega, Maiko, Tayna and Itombwe Landscape): Conservation Action Plan 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation & Tourism, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature & the Jane Goodall Institute. 66 pp. <br>

			Plumptre, A. J., Nixon, S., Critchlow, R., Vieilledent, G., Nishuli, R., Kirkby, A., Williamson, E. A., Hall, J. S., & Kujirakwinja, D. (2015). Status of Grauer’s gorilla and chimpanzees in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Historical and current distribution and abundance. Unpublished report to Arcus Foundation, USAID and US Fish and Wildlife Service. <br>

	~~Fritts~~, R. (~~2019, July 16~~). ~~Agriculture~~, ~~mining~~, ~~hunting push critically endangered gorillas to the brink~~. ~~Online:~~ https://~~news~~.~~mongabay~~.~~com/2019/07/agriculture-mining-hunting-push-critically-endangered-gorillas-to-the-brink~~/		Plumptre, A. J., Nixon, S., Kujirakwinja, D. K., Vieilledent, G., Critchlow, R., Williamson, E. A., et al. (2016). Catastrophic decline of world's largest primate: 80% loss of Grauer's gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) population justifies critically endangered status. PLoS ONE, 11(10), e0162697. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162697 <br>

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 !Comments
 !A.P.E.S. database ID
 |-
 |''Gorilla beringei graueri''
@@ Line 116: / Line 90: @@
 |2020-2023
 |Present
+|
 |127
 |Maiko National Park
 |Reconnaissance walk
@@ Line 129: / Line 103: @@
 |2020-2023
 |Present
+|
 |196
 |Maiko National Park
 |Reconnaissance walk
@@ Line 137: / Line 111: @@
 |Kyungu Kasolene et al. 2024
 |The survey was carried out in the accessible zones of Maiko National Park, using patrol-based reconnaissance routes (RECCE), GPS, CyberTracker, and SMART Mobile. The analysis also employed the SMART database, IKA (Indice Kilométrique d’Abondance), and other tools.
+|
 |}

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	\|11.2 Droughts		\|11.2 Droughts
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|Droughts reported among the climate change events, that negatively impact Grauer’s		\|Droughts reported among the climate change events, that negatively impact Grauer’s gorillas and their habitats (Consolee, Luan, & Cong, 2024).
	gorillas and their habitats (Consolee, Luan, & Cong, 2024).
	\|Ongoing (2024)		\|Ongoing (2024)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|11.3 Temperature extremes		\|11.3 Temperature extremes
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|Increasing global temperatures reported among the climate change events, negatively impact Grauer’s		\|Increasing global temperatures reported among the climate change events, negatively impact Grauer’s gorillas and their habitats (Consolee, Luan, & Cong, 2024).
	gorillas and their habitats (Consolee, Luan, & Cong, 2024).
	\|Ongoing (2024)		\|Ongoing (2024)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|7.1 Fire & fire suppression		\|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|Wildfires also reported among the events that negatively impact Grauer’s		\|Wildfires also reported among the events that negatively impact Grauer’s gorillas and their habitats (Consolee, Luan, & Cong, 2024).
	gorillas and their habitats (Consolee, Luan, & Cong, 2024).
	\|Ongoing (2024)		\|Ongoing (2024)
	\|-		\|-

WikiEdit at 09:24, 21 April 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 05:24, 21 April 2026
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	!Source		!Source
	!Year(s)		!Year(s)
	\|-
	~~\|6 Safety and stability~~
	~~\|6.3 Civil unrest/war~~
	~~\|Maldonado et al. 2012~~
	~~\|Ongoing (2012)~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|1 Site management		\|1 Site management
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	\|Maldonado et al. 2012		\|Maldonado et al. 2012
	\|Ongoing (2012)		\|Ongoing (2012)
	\|-
	~~\|4 Institutional support~~
	~~\|4.1 Lack of law enforcement~~
	~~\|Plumptre et al. 2015~~
	~~\|Ongoing (2015)~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
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	\|Kyungu JC. pers. comm. 2025		\|Kyungu JC. pers. comm. 2025
	\|Ongoing (2025)		\|Ongoing (2025)
			\|-
			\|3 Engaged community
			\|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support
			\|Consolee, Luan, & Cong, 2024
			\|Ongoing (2024)
			\|-
			\|4 Institutional support
			\|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
			\|Plumptre et al. 2015
			\|Ongoing (2015)
	\|-		\|-
	\|6 Safety and stability		\|6 Safety and stability
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	\|6 Safety and stability		\|6 Safety and stability
	\|6.3 Civil unrest/war		\|6.3 Civil unrest/war
	\|~~Consolee, Luan, & Cong, 2024~~		\|Maldonado et al. 2012
	\|Ongoing (~~2024~~)		\|Ongoing (2012)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~3 Engaged community~~		\|6 Safety and stability
	\|3~~.1 General lack of community engagement or support~~		\|6.3 Civil unrest/war
	\|Consolee, Luan, & Cong, 2024		\|Consolee, Luan, & Cong, 2024
	\|Ongoing (2024)		\|Ongoing (2024)

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← Older revision		Revision as of 15:10, 14 October 2026
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	\|[[#R01149\|Plumptre et al. 2015]]		\|[[#R01149\|Plumptre et al. 2015]]
	\|Abundance and density estimates are based on encounter rate data (from transects whenever possible).		\|Abundance and density estimates are based on encounter rate data (from transects whenever possible).
	\|COD0080, COD0081, COD0082, COD0084, COD0086, COD0088, COD0122, COD0144, COD0158, COD0159, COD0162, COD0226		\|COD0080, COD0081<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+10 more" data-collapsetext="less">COD0082, COD0084, COD0086, COD0088, COD0122, COD0144, COD0158, COD0159, COD0162, COD0226</div>
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''		\|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
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	\|[[#R01149\|Plumptre et al. 2015]]		\|[[#R01149\|Plumptre et al. 2015]]
	\|Abundance and density estimates are based on encounter rate data (from transects whenever possible).		\|Abundance and density estimates are based on encounter rate data (from transects whenever possible).
	\|COD0080, COD0081, COD0082, COD0084, COD0086, COD0088, COD0122, COD0144, COD0158, COD0159, COD0162, COD0226		\|COD0080, COD0081<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+10 more" data-collapsetext="less">COD0082, COD0084, COD0086, COD0088, COD0122, COD0144, COD0158, COD0159, COD0162, COD0226</div>
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''		\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
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	\|[[#R01149\|Plumptre et al. 2015]]		\|[[#R01149\|Plumptre et al. 2015]]
	\|		\|
	\|COD0080, COD0081, COD0082, COD0084, COD0086, COD0088, COD0122, COD0144, COD0158, COD0159, COD0162, COD0226		\|COD0080, COD0081<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+10 more" data-collapsetext="less">COD0082, COD0084, COD0086, COD0088, COD0122, COD0144, COD0158, COD0159, COD0162, COD0226</div>
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''		\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
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	\|Nixon et al. 2005, Nixon 2010, as cited by [[#R01149\|Plumptre et al. 2015]]		\|Nixon et al. 2005, Nixon 2010, as cited by [[#R01149\|Plumptre et al. 2015]]
	\|		\|
	\|COD0080, COD0081, COD0082, COD0084, COD0086, COD0088, COD0122, COD0144, COD0158, COD0159, COD0162, COD0226		\|COD0080, COD0081<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+10 more" data-collapsetext="less">COD0082, COD0084, COD0086, COD0088, COD0122, COD0144, COD0158, COD0159, COD0162, COD0226</div>
	\|}		\|}