Mgahinga Gorilla National Park - Revision history

WikiEdit at 00:10, 15 October 2026

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	= Conservation activities =		= Conservation activities =

	In December 1989, a conservation initiative focusing on gorillas and nature was initiated in the site. Biologist Klaus-Jürgen Sucker spearheaded the development of this project, receiving support from organizations such as the German Society for the Protection of Animals (Deutscher Tierschutzbund), the Berggorilla & Regenwald Direkthilfe, and subsequently, from the Center for International Migration (CIM) ([[#R01213\|Karlowski 2004]]).		In December 1989, a conservation initiative focusing on gorillas and nature was initiated in the site. Biologist Klaus-Jürgen Sucker spearheaded the development of this project, receiving support from organizations such as the German Society for the Protection of Animals (Deutscher Tierschutzbund), the [[#R02047\|Berggorilla & Regenwald Direkthilfe]], and subsequently, from the Center for International Migration (CIM) ([[#R01213\|Karlowski 2004]]).

	Mgahinga Gorilla National Park was gazetted in 1991; the park’s infrastructure was established in 1993. This included relocating the guard post to the park's new boundary and demarcating the northern boundary with 180 cement cairns spread across 14 kilometers. While these cairns clearly defined the boundary, they left adjacent fields vulnerable to grazing by wildlife. To address this issue, a hedge of Erythrina abyssinica was planted along the park's boundary ([[#R01213\|Karlowski 2004]]).		Mgahinga Gorilla National Park was gazetted in 1991; the park’s infrastructure was established in 1993. This included relocating the guard post to the park's new boundary and demarcating the northern boundary with 180 cement cairns spread across 14 kilometers. While these cairns clearly defined the boundary, they left adjacent fields vulnerable to grazing by wildlife. To address this issue, a hedge of Erythrina abyssinica was planted along the park's boundary ([[#R01213\|Karlowski 2004]]).

WikiEdit at 19:11, 14 October 2026

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	<span id="R01212"></span>Hickey, J. R., Granjon, A., Vigilant, L., Eckardt, W., Gilardi, K., Cranfield, M., …, & Robbins, M. M. (2019). Virunga 2015–2016 surveys: monitoring mountain gorillas, other select mammals, and illegal activities. Kigali, Rwanda: GVTC, IGCP & partners. [https://igcp.org/content/uploads/2020/09/Virunga-Census-2015-2016-Final-Report-2019-with-French-summary-2019_04_24.pdf link]		<span id="R01212"></span>Hickey, J. R., Granjon, A., Vigilant, L., Eckardt, W., Gilardi, K., Cranfield, M., …, & Robbins, M. M. (2019). Virunga 2015–2016 surveys: monitoring mountain gorillas, other select mammals, and illegal activities. Kigali, Rwanda: GVTC, IGCP & partners. [https://igcp.org/content/uploads/2020/09/Virunga-Census-2015-2016-Final-Report-2019-with-French-summary-2019_04_24.pdf link]

	<span id="R01213"></span>Karlowski, U. (2004). Ten years of gorilla tourism in Mgahinga. Gorilla Journal, 28, 6–8.		<span id="R01213"></span>Karlowski, U. (2004). Ten years of gorilla tourism in Mgahinga. Gorilla Journal, 28, 6–8. [https://www.berggorilla.org/en/journal/issues/journal-28-12004/article-view/10-years-of-gorilla-tourism-in-mgahinga/ link]

	<span id="R01214"></span>Kungu, J. M., Neumbe, J., Kiganira, D. B., Tino, P., Namayanja, J., Kassuja, R., …, & Nizeyi, J. B. (2023). Prevalence and predisposing factors of covid-19 in Bwindi -Mgahinga mountain gorilla conservation area landscape, Uganda. [https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3249420/v1 doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3249420/v1]		<span id="R01214"></span>Kungu, J. M., Neumbe, J., Kiganira, D. B., Tino, P., Namayanja, J., Kassuja, R., …, & Nizeyi, J. B. (2023). Prevalence and predisposing factors of covid-19 in Bwindi -Mgahinga mountain gorilla conservation area landscape, Uganda. [https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3249420/v1 doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3249420/v1]
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	<span id="R01215"></span>Lejju, J. B., Oryem‐Origa, H., & Kasenene, J. M. (2001). Regeneration of indigenous trees in Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Uganda. ''African Journal of Ecology'', 39(1), 65-73. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2001.00273.x doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2001.00273.x]		<span id="R01215"></span>Lejju, J. B., Oryem‐Origa, H., & Kasenene, J. M. (2001). Regeneration of indigenous trees in Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Uganda. ''African Journal of Ecology'', 39(1), 65-73. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2001.00273.x doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2001.00273.x]

	<span id="R01216"></span>Nakayima, L. (2021). Strengthened human–wildlife conflict measures restore hope in the Virungas. Gorilla Journal, 62, 11–12.		<span id="R01216"></span>Nakayima, L. (2021). Strengthened human–wildlife conflict measures restore hope in the Virungas. Gorilla Journal, 62, 11–12. [https://www.berggorilla.org/en/home/news-archive/article-view/strengthened-human-wildlife-conflict-measures-restore-hope-in-the-virungas/ link]

	<span id="R01217"></span>Sabuhoro, E., Ayorekire, J., & Munanura, I. E. (2023). The Quality of Life and Perceived Human-Wildlife Conflicts among Forest Communities around the Mountain Gorilla’s Virunga Landscape in Africa. ''Sustainability'', 15(3), 2248. [https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032248 doi:10.3390/su15032248]		<span id="R01217"></span>Sabuhoro, E., Ayorekire, J., & Munanura, I. E. (2023). The Quality of Life and Perceived Human-Wildlife Conflicts among Forest Communities around the Mountain Gorilla’s Virunga Landscape in Africa. ''Sustainability'', 15(3), 2248. [https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032248 doi:10.3390/su15032248]

	<span id="R01218"></span>Twinomugisha, D., & Chapman, C. A. (2006). ~~Notes and records~~. African Journal of Ecology, 2, ~~220–224~~.		<span id="R01218"></span>Twinomugisha, D., & Chapman, C. A. (2006). Golden monkey populations decline despite improved protection in Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Uganda. ''African Journal of Ecology'', 45(2), 220-224. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00692.x doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00692.x]

	<span id="R02091"></span>Hoek, R. van der, et al. (2023). Fire disturbance and gorilla habitat in Volcanoes National Park. Biological Conservation, 280, 109946.		<span id="R02091"></span>Hoek, R. van der, et al. (2023). Fire disturbance and gorilla habitat in Volcanoes National Park. Biological Conservation, 280, 109946.

	<span id="R02092"></span>McNeilage, A. (1995). Mountain gorillas in the Virunga volcanoes: Ecology and carrying capacity. University of Bristol.		<span id="R02092"></span>McNeilage, A. (1995). Mountain gorillas in the Virunga volcanoes: Ecology and carrying capacity. University of Bristol. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1525-1_19 doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1525-1_19]

	<span id="R02093"></span>Mazet, J. A. K., Genovese, B. N., Harris, L. A., Cranfield, M., Noheri, J. B., Kinani, J. F., …, & Gilardi, K. V. K. (2020). Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Detected in Mountain Gorilla Respiratory Outbreaks. ''EcoHealth'', 17(4), 449-460. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-020-01506-8 doi:10.1007/s10393-020-01506-8]		<span id="R02093"></span>Mazet, J. A. K., Genovese, B. N., Harris, L. A., Cranfield, M., Noheri, J. B., Kinani, J. F., …, & Gilardi, K. V. K. (2020). Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Detected in Mountain Gorilla Respiratory Outbreaks. ''EcoHealth'', 17(4), 449-460. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-020-01506-8 doi:10.1007/s10393-020-01506-8]

WikiEdit at 20:29, 12 October 2026

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WikiEdit at 14:48, 1 September 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:48, 1 September 2026
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	!Comments		!Comments
	!A.P.E.S. database ID		!A.P.E.S. database ID
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	~~\|''Gorilla beringei beringei''~~
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	~~\|Mgahinga Gorilla National Park~~
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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Gorilla beringei beringei''		\|''Gorilla beringei beringei''
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	= References =		= References =

	~~Granjon~~, A. ~~C., Robbins, M. M., Arinaitwe, J., Cranfield, M. R., Eckardt, W., Mburanumwe~~, ~~I., ...~~ & ~~Hickey~~, ~~J. R~~. (~~2020~~). ~~Estimating abundance~~ and ~~growth rates in a wild mountain gorilla population~~. ~~Animal~~ Conservation, 23(4), ~~455-465~~.		Archabald, K., & Naughton, L. (2001). Tourism revenue-sharing around national parks in Western Uganda: Early efforts to identify and reward local communities. Environmental Conservation, 28(2), 135–149. <br>

	~~Karlowski~~, U. (~~2004~~). ~~Ten Years of Gorilla Tourism in Mgahinga~~. ~~Gorilla Journal, 28~~, ~~6-8~~.		Babaase, D., Akampulira, E., & Bitariho, E. (2013). Human-wildlife conflict management: Experiences and lessons learned from the Greater Virunga Landscape. Report, February 2013. <br>

	~~Kungu~~, J. M., ~~Neumbe~~, J., ~~Kiganira~~, D. ~~B., Tino, P~~., ~~Namayanja~~, J., ~~Kassuja~~, R., ... & ~~Nizeyi~~, J. B. (~~2023~~). ~~Prevalence~~ and ~~predisposing factors of covid-19~~ in ~~Bwindi-Mgahinga~~ mountain gorilla ~~conservation area landscape~~, ~~Uganda~~.		Granjon, A. C., Robbins, M. M., Arinaitwe, J., Cranfield, M. R., Eckardt, W., Mburanumwe, I., ... & Hickey, J. R. (2020). Estimating abundance and growth rates in a wild mountain gorilla population. Animal Conservation, 23(4), 455–465. <br>

	~~Nakayima~~, L. (~~2021~~). ~~Strengthened Human– Wildlife Conflict Measures Restore Hope in the Virungas. Gorilla Journal~~, 62, ~~11-12~~.		Hickey, J. R., Granjon, A. C., Vigilant, L., Eckardt, W., Gilardi, K. V., Cranfield, M., Musana, A., Masozera, A. B., Babaasa, D., Ruzigandekwe, F., & Robbins, M. M. (2019). Virunga 2015–2016 surveys: Monitoring mountain gorillas, other select mammals, and illegal activities. <br>

	~~Twinomugisha~~, ~~D. & Chapman, C.A~~. (~~2006~~) ~~Notes and records~~. ~~African~~ Journal ~~of Ecology~~, 2, ~~220–224~~.		Karlowski, U. (2004). Ten years of gorilla tourism in Mgahinga. Gorilla Journal, 28, 6–8. <br>

	~~Archabald~~, K. & ~~Naughton~~, L. (~~2001~~). ~~Tourism revenue~~-~~sharing around national parks~~ in ~~Western~~ Uganda~~: early efforts to identify and reward local communities. Environmental Conservation, 28(2), 135-149~~.		Kungu, J. M., Neumbe, J., Kiganira, D. B., Tino, P., Namayanja, J., Kassuja, R., ... & Nizeyi, J. B. (2023). Prevalence and predisposing factors of COVID-19 in Bwindi-Mgahinga mountain gorilla conservation area landscape, Uganda. <br>

	~~Babaase~~, D., ~~Akampulira~~, E. & ~~Bitariho~~, E. (~~2013~~). ~~Human-wildlife conflict management: Experiences and lessons learned from the Greater Virunga Landscape~~. ~~Report~~, ~~February 2013~~.		Lejju, J. B., Oryem-Origa, H., & Kasenene, J. M. (2001). Regeneration of indigenous trees in Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology, 39, 65–73. <br>

	~~Hickey, J. R., Granjon, A. C., Vigilant~~, L~~., Eckardt, W., Gilardi, K. V., Cranfield, M., Musana, A., Masozera, A. B., Babaasa, D., Ruzigandekwe, F., & Robbins, M. M~~. (~~2019~~). ~~Virunga 2015-2016 surveys - monitoring mountain gorillas~~, ~~other select mammals~~, ~~and illegal activities~~.		Nakayima, L. (2021). Strengthened human–wildlife conflict measures restore hope in the Virungas. Gorilla Journal, 62, 11–12. <br>

	~~Lejju~~, ~~J.B~~., ~~Oryem-Origa~~, H., & ~~Kasenene~~, J. M. (~~2001~~). ~~Regeneration~~ of ~~indigenous trees~~ in ~~Mgahinga Gorilla National Park~~, ~~Uganda. Afr. J~~. ~~Ecol~~.~~, 39, 65-73~~.		Sabuhoro, E., Ayorekire, J., & Munanura, I. E. (2023). The quality of life and perceived human-wildlife conflicts among forest communities around the mountain gorilla’s Virunga Landscape in Africa. Sustainability, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032248 <br>

	~~Sabuhoro~~, ~~E., Ayorekire, J~~., & ~~Munanura~~, I. E. (~~2023~~). ~~The Quality of Life~~ and ~~Perceived Human-Wildlife Conflicts among Forest Communities around the Mountain Gorilla’s Virunga Landscape in Africa~~. ~~Sustainability (Switzerland)~~, ~~15(3). https://doi.org/10~~.~~3390/su15032248~~		Twinomugisha, D., & Chapman, C. A. (2006). Notes and records. African Journal of Ecology, 2, 220–224. <br>



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2024-02-28		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2024-02-28

WikiEdit at 13:46, 11 June 2026

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	\|5.1.1 Subsistence bushmeat hunting		\|5.1.1 Subsistence bushmeat hunting
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|Local people still consume bushmeat whenever they get a chance, as reported.(Steven J.B pers. comm. 2026).		\|Local people still consume bushmeat whenever they get a chance, as reported (Steven J.B pers. comm. 2026).
	\|1990-Ongoing (2026)		\|1990-Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
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	= Challenges =		= Challenges =

			One of the major challenges reported concerns the Batwa community that previously lived within the park. While in Bwindi many of those evicted were resettled just outside the park and have integrated with surrounding communities through empowerment groups, the situation in Kisoro and Mgahinga is starkly different. Here, the Batwa were never resettled in any recognizable way. According to the District Health Education Officer, many of them are still struggling to integrate with other local communities and continue to live in poor conditions (Steven J.B pers. comm. 2026).

	'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Mgahinga Gorilla National Park'''		'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Mgahinga Gorilla National Park'''

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	\|Unintentional effect on gorillas as snares are set targeting other animals in the forest (Hickeys et al. 2019).		\|Unintentional effect on gorillas as snares are set targeting other animals in the forest (Hickeys et al. 2019).
	\|2019-Ongoing (2024)		\|2019-Ongoing (2024)
			\|-
			\|5 Biological resource use
			\|5.1.1 Subsistence bushmeat hunting
			\|Present (unknown severity)
			\|Local people still consume bushmeat whenever they get a chance, as reported.(Steven J.B pers. comm. 2026).
			\|1990-Ongoing (2026)
			\|-
			\|5 Biological resource use
			\|5.1.5 Persecution/human wildlife conflict
			\|Present (unknown severity)
			\|Human-wildlife conflicts arise due to crop raiding and the lack of compensation, as reported by local communities (Steven J.B pers. comm. 2026).
			\|1990-Ongoing (2024)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
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	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Risk of acquiring Covid-19 due to presence in the surrounding human population (Kungu et al. 2023). Evidence of human respiratory viruses, gastrointestinal parasites, and herpes viruses in the Virunga gorilla population exists. In addition, rabies, Ebola, and Marburg virus outbreaks occur in close proximity to the park (e.g. Mazet et al. 2020; Hassell et al. 2017; Smiley Evans et al. 2017; Petrzlkova et al. 2021, 2022).		\|Risk of acquiring Covid-19 due to presence in the surrounding human population (Kungu et al. 2023). Evidence of human respiratory viruses, gastrointestinal parasites, and herpes viruses in the Virunga gorilla population exists. In addition, rabies, Ebola, and Marburg virus outbreaks occur in close proximity to the park (e.g. Mazet et al. 2020; Hassell et al. 2017; Smiley Evans et al. 2017; Petrzlkova et al. 2021, 2022).
	\|2017-Ongoing (~~2024~~)
			\|2017-Ongoing (2026)
	\|}		\|}

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	\|5 Protection & restoration		\|5 Protection & restoration
	\|5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas		\|5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas
	\|Planting of Erythrina trees to enforce boundaries and reduce crop raiding by wildlife (Nakayima 2021, Karlowski 2004).		\|Planting of Erythrina trees to enforce boundaries and reduce crop raiding by wildlife (Nakayima 2021, Karlowski 2004). The stone wall around the park, built in 2024, is credited for stopping animals (buffalo, baboons, gorillas, etc.) from crossing into local gardens/farms, and it has proven effective and efficient in reducing conflict and interaction between people and wildlife (Steven J.B pers. comm. 2026).

	\|Uganda Wildlife Authority, International Gorilla Conservation Programme		\|Uganda Wildlife Authority, International Gorilla Conservation Programme
	\|1993, ~~2021~~		\|1993, 2024-Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Protection & restoration		\|5 Protection & restoration
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	\|Wild & Muteb, 1996		\|Wild & Muteb, 1996
	\|1991		\|1991
			\|-
			\|3 Engaged community
			\|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support
			\|Steven J.B pers. comm. 2026
			\|Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Institutional support		\|4 Institutional support
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	\|2.4 Adequate data to inform and evaluate conservation actions		\|2.4 Adequate data to inform and evaluate conservation actions
	\|		\|
	\|		\|Ongoing (2011)
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
	\|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources		\|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
	\|Robbins et al. 2011		\|Robbins et al. 2011
	\|		\|Ongoing (2011)
	\|}		\|}

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@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 * Key threats to  gorillas are hunting and habitat encroachment due to farming activities.
 * Conservation activities have focused on eco-tourism, demarcation and reinforcement of the park’s boundaries, education activities and patrols.
 <div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Grooming_IOrdazNemeth.jpg  | 300px | thumb| none | © I. Ordaz-Nemeth]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Gorilla_IOrdazNemeth.jpg | 300px | thumb| none |© I. Ordaz-Nemeth]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: View_IOrdazNemeth.jpg | 300px | thumb| none |View from Mgahinga Gorilla National Park © I. Ordaz-Nemeth]]</li></ul></div>
@@ Line 109: / Line 105: @@
 !Description
 !Year of threat
 |-
 |2 Agriculture & aquaculture
@@ Line 115: / Line 129: @@
 |Livestock grazing in the site; settlers moved out along with 221 farms in 1992 (Karlowski 2004).
 |1989-1992
 |-
 |5 Biological resource use
@@ Line 127: / Line 135: @@
 |Before conservation activities started, there was poaching in the area and hundreds of wire snares on paths to catch antelopes (Karlowski 2004).
 |1990
 |-
 |6 Human intrusions & disturbance
@@ Line 133: / Line 153: @@
 |During the civil war parts of Mgahinga National Park sometimes served as retreat areas for paramilitary units. Parts of the afro-alpine vegetation on the peaks of Mt. Gahinga and Muhavura were destroyed during the civil war (Karlowski 2004).
 |1990-1994
 |-
 |8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
@@ Line 139: / Line 165: @@
 |Black wattle (''Acacia mearnsii'') and Eucalyptus trees were found to be the most widely distributed and ''Pinus patula'' the least distributed species in the park.
 |1991-Ongoing (2024)
 |-
 |8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
@@ Line 163: / Line 171: @@
 |Risk of acquiring Covid-19 due to presence in the surrounding human population (Kungu et al. 2023). Evidence of human respiratory viruses, gastrointestinal parasites, and herpes viruses in the Virunga gorilla population exists. In addition, rabies, Ebola, and Marburg virus outbreaks occur in close proximity to the park (e.g. Mazet et al. 2020; Hassell et al. 2017; Smiley Evans et al. 2017; Petrzlkova et al. 2021, 2022).
 |2017-Ongoing (2024)
 |}

WikiEdit at 07:29, 4 February 2026

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	\|The site is classified as a National Park.		\|The site is classified as a National Park.
	\|Uganda Wildlife Authority		\|Uganda Wildlife Authority
	\|1991-Ongoing (~~2024~~)		\|1991-Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Protection & restoration		\|5 Protection & restoration

WikiEdit at 14:30, 23 December 2025

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WikiEdit at 06:52, 6 November 2025

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	<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Grooming_IOrdazNemeth.jpg \| 300px \| thumb\| none \| © I. Ordaz-Nemeth]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Gorilla_IOrdazNemeth.jpg \| 300px \| thumb\| none \|© I. Ordaz-Nemeth]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: View_IOrdazNemeth.jpg \| 300px \| thumb\| none \|View from Mgahinga Gorilla National ~~Park©~~ I. Ordaz-Nemeth]]</li></ul></div>		<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Grooming_IOrdazNemeth.jpg \| 300px \| thumb\| none \| © I. Ordaz-Nemeth]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Gorilla_IOrdazNemeth.jpg \| 300px \| thumb\| none \|© I. Ordaz-Nemeth]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: View_IOrdazNemeth.jpg \| 300px \| thumb\| none \|View from Mgahinga Gorilla National Park © I. Ordaz-Nemeth]]</li></ul></div>
	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =