Minkébé National Park - Revision history

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	<span id="R01228"></span>WWF. (2017). Protecting Minkébé National Park. World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved from https://www.wwf.org/		<span id="R01228"></span>WWF. (2017). Protecting Minkébé National Park. World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved from https://www.wwf.org/

	<span id="R02264"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02264"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

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	<span id="R01228"></span>WWF. (2017). Protecting Minkébé National Park. World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved from https://www.wwf.org/		<span id="R01228"></span>WWF. (2017). Protecting Minkébé National Park. World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved from https://www.wwf.org/

	<span id="R02264"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02264"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

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	<span id="R01225"></span>Poulsen, J. R., Koerner, S. E., Moore, S., Medjibe, V. P., Blake, S., Clark, C. J., …, & White, L. J. T. (2017). Poaching empties critical Central African wilderness of forest elephants. ''Current Biology'', 27(4), R134-R135. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.023 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.023]		<span id="R01225"></span>Poulsen, J. R., Koerner, S. E., Moore, S., Medjibe, V. P., Blake, S., Clark, C. J., …, & White, L. J. T. (2017). Poaching empties critical Central African wilderness of forest elephants. ''Current Biology'', 27(4), R134-R135. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.023 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.023]

	<span id="R01226"></span>Walsh, P. D., Abernethy, K. A., Bermejo, M., Beyers, R., De Wachter, P., Akou, M. E., …, & Wilkie, D. S. (2003). Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa. ''Nature'', 422(6932), 611-614.		<span id="R01226"></span>Walsh, P. D., Abernethy, K. A., Bermejo, M., Beyers, R., De Wachter, P., Akou, M. E., …, & Wilkie, D. S. (2003). Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa. ''Nature'', 422(6932), 611-614. [https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01566 doi:10.1038/nature01566]

	<span id="R01227"></span>WCS. (2018). Monitoring great apes in Gabon’s protected areas. Wildlife Conservation Society. Retrieved from https://www.wcs.org/		<span id="R01227"></span>WCS. (2018). Monitoring great apes in Gabon’s protected areas. Wildlife Conservation Society. Retrieved from https://www.wcs.org/

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Show changes

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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Minkébé National Park'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Minkébé National Park'''

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	= References =		= References =

	~~BirdLife International~~. (~~2020~~) .~~Important Bird Areas factsheet~~: ~~Minkébé Forest Reserve~~. ~~Retrieved from http~~://www.~~birdlife~~.~~org on 04~~/11/~~2020~~.		ANPN. (2013). Wildlife surveying in Minkebe National Park, 2012: WCS-WWF collaboration. https://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Preliminary_Results_of_Minkebe_Pilot_Study_070213.pdf <br>

	~~Huijbregts, B., De Wachter, P., Obiang, L., & Akou, M~~. (~~2003~~). ~~Ebola and the decline of gorilla Gorilla gorilla and chimpanzee Pan troglodytes populations in Minkebe~~ Forest~~, north-eastern Gabon~~. ~~Oryx~~, ~~37(4)~~, ~~437-443~~. ~~doi:10~~.~~1017/S0030605303000802~~		BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Minkébé Forest Reserve. Retrieved November 4, 2020, from http://www.birdlife.org <br>

	~~Walsh~~, P., ~~Abernethy~~, K., ~~Bermejo~~, M~~. et al~~. (2003). ~~Catastrophic ape~~ decline in ~~western equatorial Africa~~. ~~Nature 422~~, ~~611–614~~. https://doi.org/10.~~1038~~/~~nature01566~~		Global Forest Watch. (2018). Mining in Minkébé National Park, Gabon. Retrieved from https://www.globalforestwatch.org/ <br>

			Huijbregts, B., De Wachter, P., Obiang, L., & Akou, M. (2003). Ebola and the decline of gorilla Gorilla gorilla and chimpanzee Pan troglodytes populations in Minkebe Forest, north-eastern Gabon. Oryx, 37(4), 437–443. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605303000802 <br>

			IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group. (2014). Regional action plan for the conservation of western lowland gorillas and central chimpanzees 2015–2025. IUCN. <br>

			Maisels, F., Strindberg, S., Blake, S., et al. (2013). Devastating decline of forest elephants in Central Africa. PLOS ONE, 8(3), e59469. <br>

	~~ANPN~~. (~~2013~~). ~~Wildlife surveying in Minkebe National Park~~, ~~2012 – WCS-WWF collaboration~~. ~~Online:~~ https://~~www~~.~~wwf~~.de/~~fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Preliminary_Results_of_Minkebe_Pilot_Study_070213~~.~~pdf~~		Poulsen, J. R., Koerner, S. E., Moore, S., Medjibe, V. P., Blake, S., Clark, C. J., Akou, M. E., Fay, M., Meier, A., Okouyi, J., Rosin, C., & White, L. J. T. (2017). Poaching empties critical Central African wilderness of forest elephants. Current Biology, 27(4), R134–R135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.023 <br>

	~~Poulsen~~, ~~J. R., Koerner, S. E., Moore, S., Medjibe, V.~~ P., ~~Blake, S., Clark~~, ~~C. J~~., ~~Akou~~, M~~. E~~., ~~Fay, M., Meier, A., Okouyi, J., Rosin, C., & White, L. J. T~~. (~~2017~~). ~~Poaching empties critical Central African wilderness of forest elephants~~. ~~Current Biology~~, ~~27(4)~~, ~~R134-R135~~. https://doi.org/10.~~1016~~/~~j.cub.2017.01.023~~		Walsh, P., Abernethy, K., Bermejo, M., et al. (2003). Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa. Nature, 422, 611–614. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01566 <br>

	~~IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group. (2014). Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of Western Lowland Gorillas and Central Chimpanzees 2015–2025. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. <br>~~
	~~Maisels, F., Strindberg, S., Blake, S., et al. (2013). Devastating decline of forest elephants in Central Africa. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e59469. <br>~~
	~~Global Forest Watch. (2018). Mining in Minkébé National Park, Gabon. Retrieved from https://www.globalforestwatch.org/ <br>~~
	~~WWF. (2017). Protecting Minkébé National Park. World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved from https://www.wwf.org/ <br>~~
	WCS. (2018). Monitoring great apes in Gabon’s protected areas. Wildlife Conservation Society. Retrieved from https://www.wcs.org/ <br>		WCS. (2018). Monitoring great apes in Gabon’s protected areas. Wildlife Conservation Society. Retrieved from https://www.wcs.org/ <br>

			WWF. (2017). Protecting Minkébé National Park. World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved from https://www.wwf.org/ <br>

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	* Key threats to great apes are hunting, mining, logging, and diseases, specifically Ebola Virus Disease.		* Key threats to great apes are hunting, mining, logging, and diseases, specifically Ebola Virus Disease.
	* The main conservation interventions include regular anti-poaching patrols, ape species monitoring programs, community awareness and outreach, and continuous health monitoring.		* The main conservation interventions include regular anti-poaching patrols, ape species monitoring programs, community awareness and outreach, and continuous health monitoring.






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	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~8 Invasive~~ & ~~other problematic species~~, ~~genes & diseases~~		\|3 Energy production & mining
	\|8.~~4 Pathogens~~		\|3.2 Mining & quarrying
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|Gold extraction and presence of several illegal gold camps, in the park and in its buffer zone (BirdLife International 2020; ANPN 2013).
			\|2013-Ongoing (2020)
			\|-
			\|5 Biological resource use
			\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|~~Extremely low densities of gorillas~~ and ~~chimpanzees were found between 1998-2000~~, ~~compared to data collected before 1994. The decline resulted from Ebola outbreaks in 1994 and 1996 in~~ the ~~area~~ (~~Huijbregts et al. 2003; Walsh et al. 2003~~).		\|Commercial hunting for local bushmeat trade (BirdLife International 2020). Hunting camps and huntings signs (gun shots, trails, elephant carcasses) present at the park during a 2012 survey (ANPN 2013).
	\|~~1994~~-~~1996~~		\|2012-Ongoing (2020)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
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	\|2003-Ongoing (2020)		\|2003-Ongoing (2020)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~5 Biological resource use~~		\|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
	\|5.~~1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals~~		\|8.4 Pathogens
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|~~Commercial hunting for local bushmeat trade (BirdLife International 2020). Hunting camps~~ and ~~huntings signs (gun shots~~, ~~trails, elephant carcasses) present at the park during a 2012 survey (ANPN 2013)~~.		\|Extremely low densities of gorillas and chimpanzees were found between 1998-2000, compared to data collected before 1994. The decline resulted from Ebola outbreaks in 1994 and 1996 in the area (Huijbregts et al. 2003; Walsh et al. 2003).
	~~\|2012-Ongoing (2020)~~		\|1994-1996
	\|-
	~~\|3 Energy production & mining~~
	~~\|3.2 Mining & quarrying~~
	~~\|High (more than 70% of population affected)~~
	~~\|Gold extraction~~ and ~~presence of several illegal gold camps,~~ in the ~~park and in its buffer zone~~ (~~BirdLife International 2020~~; ~~ANPN 2013~~).
	\|~~2013~~-~~Ongoing (2020)~~
	\|}		\|}

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	\|Officially classified as a national park on 30 August 2002 by Décret n° 615/PR/MEFEPEPN (after a provisional reserve created in 2000).		\|Officially classified as a national park on 30 August 2002 by Décret n° 615/PR/MEFEPEPN (after a provisional reserve created in 2000).
	\|		\|
	\|2002-Ongoing (~~2025~~)		\|2002-Ongoing (2026)
	\|}		\|}

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	!Implementing organization(s)		!Implementing organization(s)
	!Year of activity		!Year of activity
	\|-
	~~\|2 Counter-wildlife crime~~
	~~\|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols~~
	\|Regular patrols and surveillance operations are conducted to reduce poaching pressure, supported by collaboration between Gabon’s National Parks Agency and NGOs (Huijbregts et al. 2003, IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group 2014, WWF 2017).
	~~\|ANPN (Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux), WWF, WCS~~
	~~\|1998-Ongoing (2017)~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Counter-wildlife crime		\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
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	\|2000-Ongoing (2018)		\|2000-Ongoing (2018)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~5 Protection & restoration~~		\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
	\|5.~~2 Legally protect ape habitat~~		\|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
	\|~~Officially classified as a national park on 30 August 2002~~ by ~~Décret n° 615/PR/MEFEPEPN~~ (~~after a provisional reserve created in 2000~~).		\|Regular patrols and surveillance operations are conducted to reduce poaching pressure, supported by collaboration between Gabon’s National Parks Agency and NGOs (Huijbregts et al. 2003, IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group 2014, WWF 2017).
	\|		\|ANPN (Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux), WWF, WCS
	\|~~2002~~-Ongoing (~~2025~~)		\|1998-Ongoing (2017)
	\|-		\|-
	\|3 Species health		\|3 Species health
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	\|WWF, ANPN		\|WWF, ANPN
	\|2010-Ongoing (2017)		\|2010-Ongoing (2017)
			\|-
			\|5 Protection & restoration
			\|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
			\|Officially classified as a national park on 30 August 2002 by Décret n° 615/PR/MEFEPEPN (after a provisional reserve created in 2000).
			\|
			\|2002-Ongoing (2025)
	\|}		\|}

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	<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Minkebe_NP.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly ~~inMinkébé~~ National Park]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Minkebe_NP.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly ~~inMinkébé~~ National Park]] </li></ul></div>		<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Minkebe_NP.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly in Minkébé National Park]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Minkebe_NP.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly in Minkébé National Park]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =