Mount Cameroon National Park - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:54, 15 October 2026

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	<span id="R01274"></span>Mt Cameroon National Park. (n.d.). WWF. https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/mt_cameroon_national_park/		<span id="R01274"></span>Mt Cameroon National Park. (n.d.). WWF. https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/mt_cameroon_national_park/

	<span id="R02273"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02273"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R02007"></span>MNCP. https://www.mtcameroonnationalpark.org/		<span id="R02007"></span>MNCP. https://www.mtcameroonnationalpark.org/

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	<span id="R01274"></span>Mt Cameroon National Park. (n.d.). WWF. https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/mt_cameroon_national_park/		<span id="R01274"></span>Mt Cameroon National Park. (n.d.). WWF. https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/mt_cameroon_national_park/

	<span id="R02273"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02273"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R02007"></span>MNCP. https://www.mtcameroonnationalpark.org/		<span id="R02007"></span>MNCP. https://www.mtcameroonnationalpark.org/

WikiEdit at 20:29, 12 October 2026

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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Mount Cameroon National Park'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Mount Cameroon National Park'''

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WikiEdit at 14:46, 25 March 2026

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	<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px \| width=300px \| scrollzoom=off \| zoom=5 \| layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap\|4.218726, 9.146500~[[Mount Cameroon National Park]]~''Pan troglodytes ellioti''}}</div>		<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px \| width=300px \| scrollzoom=off \| zoom=5 \| layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap\|4.218726, 9.146500~[[Mount Cameroon National Park]]~''Pan troglodytes ellioti''}}</div>
	* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') ~~& Cross river gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla diehli'')~~ are present in Mount Cameroon National Park.		* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Mount Cameroon National Park.
	* It has been estimated that 130 (79-215) chimpanzees occur in the site; the ~~gorilla population size is unknown~~.		* It has been estimated that 130 (79-215) chimpanzees occur in the site; gorillas have not been recorded in the site in several years.
	* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.		* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
	* The site has a total size of 581.78 km².		* The site has a total size of 581.78 km².
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	* Conservation activities have focused on community-based projects, eco-tourism and biomonitoring.		* Conservation activities have focused on community-based projects, eco-tourism and biomonitoring.
	* At 4,070 m in altitude, Mount Cameroon is the highest peak in sub-Saharan western and central Africa.		* At 4,070 m in altitude, Mount Cameroon is the highest peak in sub-Saharan western and central Africa.





	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =
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	!Description		!Description
	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
			\|-
			\|1 Residential & commercial development
			\|1.3 Tourism & recreation areas
			\|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
			\|The park established several structures to host tourists ([https://www.mtcameroonnationalpark.org/ MNCP]). Some are in chimpanzee areas (in the southern part). But the structures (houses, trails, lookouts) as well as tourist numbers are low.
			\|2009-Ongoing (2025)
			\|-
			\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
			\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
			\|Present (unknown severity)
			\|Agricultural encroachment (Eno-Nku 2013).
			\|Ongoing (2013)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
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	\|Logging signs inside park area 2020: 0.01 enc/km +/- 0.01 (SE); 2022: 0.04 enc/km +/- 0.02 (SE). Logging signs are scarce inside the park area though it appears at the edges (Kupsch and Sumbede 2023).		\|Logging signs inside park area 2020: 0.01 enc/km +/- 0.01 (SE); 2022: 0.04 enc/km +/- 0.02 (SE). Logging signs are scarce inside the park area though it appears at the edges (Kupsch and Sumbede 2023).
	\|2009-Ongoing (2023)		\|2009-Ongoing (2023)
	\|-
	~~\|1 Residential & commercial development~~
	~~\|1.3 Tourism & recreation areas~~
	~~\|Low (up to 30% of population affected)~~
	\|The park established several structures to host tourists ([https://www.mtcameroonnationalpark.org/ MNCP]). Some are in chimpanzee areas (in the southern part). But the structures (houses, trails, lookouts) as well as tourist numbers are low.
	~~\|2009-Ongoing (2025)~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|6 Human intrusions & disturbance		\|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
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	\|Military-political crisis in the entire region affecting the northern part of the park (Kupsch and Sumbede 2023).		\|Military-political crisis in the entire region affecting the northern part of the park (Kupsch and Sumbede 2023).
	\|2017-Ongoing (2023)		\|2017-Ongoing (2023)
	\|-
	~~\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture~~
	~~\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops~~
	~~\|Present (unknown severity)~~
	~~\|Agricultural encroachment (Eno-Nku 2013).~~
	~~\|Ongoing (2013)~~
	\|}		\|}

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	\|The park was established in 2009.		\|The park was established in 2009.
	\|		\|
	\|2009-Ongoing (~~2025~~)		\|2009-Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
	\|7 Economic & other incentives		\|7 Economic & other incentives

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	!Implementing organization(s)		!Implementing organization(s)
	!Year of activity		!Year of activity
			\|-
			\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
			\|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
			\|Regular surveys on wildlife and human activities are conducted through PSMNR-SWR (n.d.).
			\|
			\|Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Counter-wildlife crime		\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
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	\|2009-Ongoing (2025)		\|2009-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~5 Protection & restoration~~		\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
	\|5.~~2 Legally protect ape habitat~~		\|2.14 Employ hunters in the conservation sector to reduce their impact
	\|~~The park was established~~ in ~~2009~~.		\|Hunters work as research assistants and as surveyors in community-based wildlife monitoring (Kupsch & Sumbede 2023; Kupsch et al. 2025)
	\|		\|
	\|~~2009~~-Ongoing (2025)		\|2016-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~7 Economic & other incentives~~		\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
	\|7.~~2 Provide non~~-~~monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)~~		\|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
	\|~~Scholarships, community infrastructure development, green initiatives e.g. bee farming, small scale poultry and non~~-~~timber products value chain improvement~~ (~~PSMNR-SWR n~~.d.)		\|Eco-guards patrol park ([https://www.mtcameroonnationalpark.org/ MCNP]).
	\|		\|
	\|~~2009-~~Ongoing (2025)		\|Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Counter-wildlife crime		\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
	\|2.~~14 Employ hunters in the conservation sector to reduce their impact~~		\|2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
	\|~~Hunters work as research assistants~~ and ~~as surveyors in community~~-~~based wildlife monitoring~~ (~~Kupsch & Sumbede 2023; Kupsch et al~~. ~~2025~~)		\|Joint activities of community members and park-staff (PSMNR-SWR n.d.)
	\|		\|
	\|~~2016~~-Ongoing (2025)		\|2022-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Education & awareness		\|4 Education & awareness
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	\|2018-Ongoing (2025)		\|2018-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 ~~Counter~~-~~wildlife crime~~		\|5 Protection & restoration
	\|2.~~6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares~~		\|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
	\|~~Joint activities of~~ community ~~members~~ and ~~park~~-~~staff~~ (PSMNR-SWR n.d.)		\|The park was established in 2009.
			\|
			\|2009-Ongoing (2025)
			\|-
			\|7 Economic & other incentives
			\|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
			\|Scholarships, community infrastructure development, green initiatives e.g. bee farming, small scale poultry and non-timber products value chain improvement (PSMNR-SWR n.d.)
	\|		\|
	\|~~2022~~-Ongoing (2025)		\|2009-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|8 Permanent presence		\|8 Permanent presence
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	\|		\|
	\|Ongoing (2023)		\|Ongoing (2023)
	\|-
	~~\|2 Counter-wildlife crime~~
	~~\|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols~~
	~~\|Regular surveys on wildlife and human activities are conducted through PSMNR-SWR (n.d.).~~
	\|
	~~\|Ongoing (2025)~~
	\|-
	~~\|2 Counter-wildlife crime~~
	~~\|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols~~
	~~\|Eco-guards patrol park ([https://www.mtcameroonnationalpark.org/ MCNP]).~~
	\|
	~~\|Ongoing (2025)~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|8 Permanent presence		\|8 Permanent presence

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	<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Mount_Cameroun_NP.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly ~~inMount~~ Cameroon National Park]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Mount_Cameroun_NP.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly ~~inMount~~ Cameroon National Park]] </li></ul></div>		<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Mount_Cameroun_NP.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly in Mount Cameroon National Park]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Mount_Cameroun_NP.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly in Mount Cameroon National Park]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =

WikiEdit at 06:52, 6 November 2025

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	* Conservation activities have focused on community-based projects, eco-tourism and biomonitoring.		* Conservation activities have focused on community-based projects, eco-tourism and biomonitoring.
	* At 4,070 m in altitude, Mount Cameroon is the highest peak in sub-Saharan western and central Africa.		* At 4,070 m in altitude, Mount Cameroon is the highest peak in sub-Saharan western and central Africa.



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	[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]		[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

	= Ape status =		= Ape status =

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	[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]		[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

	= Threats =		= Threats =

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	[[Threats]]		[[Threats]]

	= Conservation activities =		= Conservation activities =

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	[[Conservation activities]]		[[Conservation activities]]

	= Challenges =		= Challenges =

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	[[Challenges]]		[[Challenges]]

	= Enablers =		= Enablers =

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	[[Enablers]]		[[Enablers]]

	= Research activities =		= Research activities =

	Mt. Cameroon is located relatively close to Douala and thus an international airport. This has made the mountain a hotspot for ornithologists through tourism but along with it also research. National universities, such as Buea, Dschang and Yaoundé, but also several international academic institutions are active on the mountain in avifaunal research. However, systematic surveys of large mammals remained scarce or unsuccessful due to the challenging terrain (Eno-Nku 2013). Since the national park has been included as target area into the regional development program (PSMNR-SWR) after its creation in 2009, large mammal monitoring became one focus of the research on the mountain. Since 2016 the park has been surveyed with camera traps based on the TEAM Network protocol (Kelly and Orume 2017) and since 2020 regular in-field recce surveys are implemented through the bio-monitoring unit of PSMNR (Kupsch and Sumbede 2023). Moreover, since 2022 a continuous recce and camera-based community-based monitoring has been implemented in the southern section at Mt. Etinde, one of the hotspots of chimpanzee presence inside the park (Kupsch et al. 2025)		Mt. Cameroon is located relatively close to Douala and thus an international airport. This has made the mountain a hotspot for ornithologists through tourism but along with it also research. National universities, such as Buea, Dschang and Yaoundé, but also several international academic institutions are active on the mountain in avifaunal research. However, systematic surveys of large mammals remained scarce or unsuccessful due to the challenging terrain (Eno-Nku 2013). Since the national park has been included as target area into the regional development program (PSMNR-SWR) after its creation in 2009, large mammal monitoring became one focus of the research on the mountain. Since 2016 the park has been surveyed with camera traps based on the TEAM Network protocol (Kelly and Orume 2017) and since 2020 regular in-field recce surveys are implemented through the bio-monitoring unit of PSMNR (Kupsch and Sumbede 2023). Moreover, since 2022 a continuous recce and camera-based community-based monitoring has been implemented in the southern section at Mt. Etinde, one of the hotspots of chimpanzee presence inside the park (Kupsch et al. 2025)


	= Documented behaviours =		= Documented behaviours =
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	[[Behaviours]]		[[Behaviours]]

	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

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	\|}		\|}


			<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Mount_Cameroun_NP.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly inMount Cameroon National Park]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Mount_Cameroun_NP.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly inMount Cameroon National Park]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =