Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:54, 15 October 2026

2026-10-15T21:54:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:54, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R01413"></span>Forboseh, P. F., Sunderland, T. C. H., & Eno-Nku, M. (2007). Priority setting for conservation in south-west Cameroon based on large mammal surveys. ''Oryx'', 41(2), 255-262. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307001743 doi:10.1017/s0030605307001743]		<span id="R01413"></span>Forboseh, P. F., Sunderland, T. C. H., & Eno-Nku, M. (2007). Priority setting for conservation in south-west Cameroon based on large mammal surveys. ''Oryx'', 41(2), 255-262. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307001743 doi:10.1017/s0030605307001743]

	<span id="R02287"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02287"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

WikiEdit at 14:35, 15 October 2026

2026-10-15T14:35:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:35, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R01413"></span>Forboseh, P. F., Sunderland, T. C. H., & Eno-Nku, M. (2007). Priority setting for conservation in south-west Cameroon based on large mammal surveys. ''Oryx'', 41(2), 255-262. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307001743 doi:10.1017/s0030605307001743]		<span id="R01413"></span>Forboseh, P. F., Sunderland, T. C. H., & Eno-Nku, M. (2007). Priority setting for conservation in south-west Cameroon based on large mammal surveys. ''Oryx'', 41(2), 255-262. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307001743 doi:10.1017/s0030605307001743]

	<span id="R02287"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02287"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

WikiEdit at 19:11, 14 October 2026

2026-10-14T19:11:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:11, 14 October 2026
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	= References =		= References =

	<span id="R01411"></span>Bobo, K. S., Ntumwel, B. C., & Aghomo, M. F. F. (2013). Local Perception on Wildlife uses and related loss of cultural values around the Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve, South-West Cameroon. ''Life Sciences Leaflets'', 5, 1-8.		<span id="R01411"></span>Bobo, K. S., Ntumwel, B. C., & Aghomo, M. F. F. (2013). Local Perception on Wildlife uses and related loss of cultural values around the Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve, South-West Cameroon. ''Life Sciences Leaflets'', 5, 1-8. [https://petsd.org/ojs/index.php/lifesciencesleaflets/article/view/532 link]

	<span id="R01412"></span>Bobo, K. S., Aghomo, F. F. M., & Ntumwel, B. C. (2015). Wildlife use and the role of taboos in the conservation of wildlife around the Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve; South-west Cameroon. ''Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine'', 11(1), 1-24. [https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-11-2 doi:10.1186/1746-4269-11-2]		<span id="R01412"></span>Bobo, K. S., Aghomo, F. F. M., & Ntumwel, B. C. (2015). Wildlife use and the role of taboos in the conservation of wildlife around the Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve; South-west Cameroon. ''Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine'', 11(1), 1-24. [https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-11-2 doi:10.1186/1746-4269-11-2]

WikiEdit at 20:30, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T20:30:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:30, 12 October 2026
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	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =

	The site is located in southwestern Cameroon and it is contiguous with Korup National Park. The name Nkwende means "a water source for animals" in Ejagham (Bobo, Aghomo & Ntumwel 2015). The highest peak at the site is about 737 m above sea level. Part of the reserve extends to the Okoroba village, where rock formations, commonly known as "chimpanzee stone" to the locals, are alleged to be a refuge to chimpanzees. The forest around the villages is secondary forest due to logging and agricultural activities, but primary forests still exist in higher altitudes (Bobo, Aghomo & Ntumwel 2015).		The site is located in southwestern Cameroon and it is contiguous with Korup National Park. The name Nkwende means "a water source for animals" in Ejagham ([[#R01412\|Bobo, Aghomo & Ntumwel 2015]]). The highest peak at the site is about 737 m above sea level. Part of the reserve extends to the Okoroba village, where rock formations, commonly known as "chimpanzee stone" to the locals, are alleged to be a refuge to chimpanzees. The forest around the villages is secondary forest due to logging and agricultural activities, but primary forests still exist in higher altitudes ([[#R01412\|Bobo, Aghomo & Ntumwel 2015]]).

	'''Table 1. Basic site information for Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve'''		'''Table 1. Basic site information for Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve'''
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	= Ape status =		= Ape status =

	A 2002-2004 survey recorded the presence of chimpanzees; gorillas were not encountered (Forboseh, Eno-Nku & Sunderland 2007). According to a later study, chimpanzees are locally extinct (Bobo, Ntumwel & Aghomo 2013).		A 2002-2004 survey recorded the presence of chimpanzees; gorillas were not encountered ([[#R01413\|Forboseh, Eno-Nku & Sunderland 2007]]). According to a later study, chimpanzees are locally extinct ([[#R01411\|Bobo, Ntumwel & Aghomo 2013]]).

	'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve'''		'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve'''
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	\|Reconnaissance walk		\|Reconnaissance walk
	\|		\|
	\|Forboseh, Eno-Nku & Sunderland 2007		\|[[#R01413\|Forboseh, Eno-Nku & Sunderland 2007]]
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	\|Reconnaissance walk		\|Reconnaissance walk
	\|		\|
	\|Forboseh, Eno-Nku & Sunderland 2007		\|[[#R01413\|Forboseh, Eno-Nku & Sunderland 2007]]
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals		\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Cartridges, snares and hunting trails found during a survey in 2002-2004 (Forboseh, Eno-Nku & Sunderland 2007). Hunting is an ongoing threat (Bobo K S pers. comm. 2026).		\|Cartridges, snares and hunting trails found during a survey in 2002-2004 ([[#R01413\|Forboseh, Eno-Nku & Sunderland 2007]]). Hunting is an ongoing threat (Bobo K S pers. comm. 2026).
	\|2007-Ongoing (2025)		\|2007-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02287\|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02287\|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve'''
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	= References =		= References =

	Bobo, K. S., Ntumwel, C~~. B~~., & Aghomo, M. F. (2013). Local ~~perception~~ on ~~wildlife~~ uses and related loss of cultural values around the Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve, South-West Cameroon. Life Sciences Leaflets, 39, ~~1–10~~.		<span id="R01411"></span>Bobo, K. S., Ntumwel, B. C., & Aghomo, M. F. F. (2013). Local Perception on Wildlife uses and related loss of cultural values around the Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve, South-West Cameroon. ''Life Sciences Leaflets'', 5, 1-8.

	Bobo, K. S., Aghomo, F. F. M., & Ntumwel, B. C. (2015). Wildlife use and the role of taboos in the conservation of wildlife around the Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve; South-west Cameroon. Journal of ~~ethnobiology~~ and ~~ethnomedicine~~, 11(1), 1-24.		<span id="R01412"></span>Bobo, K. S., Aghomo, F. F. M., & Ntumwel, B. C. (2015). Wildlife use and the role of taboos in the conservation of wildlife around the Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve; South-west Cameroon. ''Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine'', 11(1), 1-24. [https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-11-2 doi:10.1186/1746-4269-11-2]

	Forboseh, P. F., Sunderland, T. C. H., & Eno-Nku, M. (2007). Priority setting for conservation in south-west Cameroon based on large mammal surveys. Oryx, 41(2), 255-262.		<span id="R01413"></span>Forboseh, P. F., Sunderland, T. C. H., & Eno-Nku, M. (2007). Priority setting for conservation in south-west Cameroon based on large mammal surveys. ''Oryx'', 41(2), 255-262. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307001743 doi:10.1017/s0030605307001743]

			<span id="R02287"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

WikiEdit at 12:18, 3 September 2026

2026-09-03T12:18:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:18, 3 September 2026
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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve'''

WikiEdit at 13:33, 2 June 2026

2026-06-02T13:33:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:33, 2 June 2026
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	\|-		\|-
	\|6 Human intrusions & disturbance		\|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
	\|6.2 ~~Conflict~~, civil unrest & ~~security activities~~		\|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Security issues impede research and conservation activities in the site (Bobo K S pers. comm. 2026).		\|Security issues impede research and conservation activities in the site (Bobo K S pers. comm. 2026).

WikiEdit at 14:47, 25 March 2026

2026-03-25T14:47:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:47, 25 March 2026
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	= Summary =		= Summary =

	<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px \| width=300px \| scrollzoom=off \| zoom=5 \| layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap\|5.410812, 9.270493~[[Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve]]~''Pan troglodytes ~~troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla~~''}}</div>		<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px \| width=300px \| scrollzoom=off \| zoom=5 \| layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap\|5.410812, 9.270493~[[Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve]]~''Pan troglodytes ellioti''}}</div>
	* ~~Central~~ chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ~~troglodytes~~'') ~~& western lowland~~ gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla ~~gorilla~~'') are present ~~in Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve~~.		* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') may be present in Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve; Cross river gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla diehli'') are no longer present.
	* The population size is unknown.		* The population size is unknown.
	* The population trend is unknown.		* The population trend is unknown.
	* The site has a total size of 409.82 km².		* The site has a total size of 409.82 km².
	* ~~Key threats to great apes~~		* Hunting is a major threat in the site.
	* Conservation activities are not reported.		* Conservation activities are not reported.






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	{\| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"		{\| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
	\|Species		\|Species
	\|''Pan troglodytes ~~troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla~~''		\|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
	\|-		\|-
	\|Area		\|Area
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	\|-		\|-
	\|Type of governance		\|Type of governance
	\|		\|Governance by government
	\|}		\|}

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	!A.P.E.S. database ID		!A.P.E.S. database ID
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan troglodytes ~~troglodytes~~''		\|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
	\|2002		\|2002
	\|		\|
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	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Gorilla gorilla ~~gorilla~~''		\|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
	\|2002		\|2002
	\|		\|
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	\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals		\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Cartridges, snares and hunting trails found during a survey in 2002-2004 (Forboseh, Eno-Nku & Sunderland 2007).		\|Cartridges, snares and hunting trails found during a survey in 2002-2004 (Forboseh, Eno-Nku & Sunderland 2007). Hunting is an ongoing threat (Bobo K S pers. comm. 2026).
	\|Ongoing (~~2007~~)		\|2007-Ongoing (2025)
			\|-
			\|5 Biological resource use
			\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|Logging is one of the main threats at the site (Bobo K S pers. comm. 2026).
			\|2010-Ongoing (2025)
			\|-
			\|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
			\|6.2 Conflict, civil unrest & security activities
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|Security issues impede research and conservation activities in the site (Bobo K S pers. comm. 2026).
			\|2010-Ongoing (2025)
	\|}		\|}

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			'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve'''
			{\| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
			!Category
			!Specific activity
			!Description
			!Implementing organization(s)
			!Year of activity
			\|-
			\|5 Protection & restoration
			\|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
			\|The site is a Forest Reserve; the establishment year is unknown but likely in the 1930s.
			\|
			\|Ongoing (2026)
			\|}

			[[Conservation activities]]

	= Challenges =		= Challenges =
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	!Year(s)		!Year(s)
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|6 Safety and stability
	\|~~Not reported~~		\|6.2 Insecurity
	\|		\|APES Atlas team pers. comm. 2026
	\|		\|2016-Ongoing (2026)
	\|}		\|}

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	= References =		= References =

	~~BOBO~~, K. S., ~~NTUMWEL~~, C. B., & ~~AGHOMO~~, M. F. (2013). ~~1. LOCAL PERCEPTION ON WILDLIFE USES AND RELATED LOSS OF CULTURAL VALUES AROUND THE NKWENDE HILLS FOREST RESERVE_ SOUTH~~-~~WEST CAMEROON By K. SERGE BOBO_ C. BONITO NTUMWEL AND MF FLORENCE AGHOMO~~. Life ~~sciences~~ Leaflets, 39, ~~1-to~~.		Bobo, K. S., Ntumwel, C. B., & Aghomo, M. F. (2013). Local perception on wildlife uses and related loss of cultural values around the Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve, South-West Cameroon. Life Sciences Leaflets, 39, 1–10.

	Bobo, K. S., Aghomo, F. F. M., & Ntumwel, B. C. (2015). Wildlife use and the role of taboos in the conservation of wildlife around the Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve; South-west Cameroon. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 11(1), 1-24.		Bobo, K. S., Aghomo, F. F. M., & Ntumwel, B. C. (2015). Wildlife use and the role of taboos in the conservation of wildlife around the Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve; South-west Cameroon. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 11(1), 1-24.
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	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' ~~2021~~-11-05		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2026-02-17

			'''Page updated by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2026-02-26

WikiEdit at 07:09, 6 November 2025

2025-11-06T07:09:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:09, 6 November 2025
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	<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Nkwende_Hills.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly ~~inNkwende~~ Hills Forest Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Nkwende_Hills.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly ~~inNkwende~~ Hills Forest Reserve]] </li></ul></div>		<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Nkwende_Hills.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly in Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Nkwende_Hills.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly in Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =

WikiEdit at 06:53, 6 November 2025

2025-11-06T06:53:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:53, 6 November 2025
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	* Key threats to great apes		* Key threats to great apes
	* Conservation activities are not reported.		* Conservation activities are not reported.



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	[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]		[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

	= Ape status =		= Ape status =

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	[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]		[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

	= Threats =		= Threats =

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	[[Threats]]		[[Threats]]

	= Conservation activities =		= Conservation activities =



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	[[Challenges]]		[[Challenges]]

	= Enablers =		= Enablers =

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	[[Enablers]]		[[Enablers]]

	= Research activities =		= Research activities =



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	[[Behaviours]]		[[Behaviours]]

	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

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	\|}		\|}


			<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Nkwende_Hills.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly inNkwende Hills Forest Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Nkwende_Hills.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly inNkwende Hills Forest Reserve]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|5.410812, 9.270493~[[Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve.
* The population size is unknown.
* The population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 409.82 km².
* Key threats to great apes
* Conservation activities are not reported.

= Site characteristics =

The site is located in southwestern Cameroon and it is contiguous with Korup National Park. The name Nkwende means "a water source for animals" in Ejagham (Bobo, Aghomo & Ntumwel 2015). The highest peak at the site is about 737 m above sea level. Part of the reserve extends to the Okoroba village, where rock formations, commonly known as "chimpanzee stone" to the locals, are alleged to be a refuge to chimpanzees. The forest around the villages is secondary forest due to logging and agricultural activities, but primary forests still exist in higher altitudes (Bobo, Aghomo & Ntumwel 2015).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|409.82 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 5.410812 , Lon: 9.270493
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Forest Reserve)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes), Agricultural land, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

A 2002-2004 survey recorded the presence of chimpanzees; gorillas were not encountered (Forboseh, Eno-Nku & Sunderland 2007). According to a later study, chimpanzees are locally extinct (Bobo, Ntumwel & Aghomo 2013).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|2002
|
|0.72
|
|
|Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|Forboseh, Eno-Nku & Sunderland 2007
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2002
|
|0
|
|
|Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|Forboseh, Eno-Nku & Sunderland 2007
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Cartridges, snares and hunting trails found during a survey in 2002-2004 (Forboseh, Eno-Nku & Sunderland 2007).
|Ongoing (2007)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. subm. extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (see Kiribou et al. subm. for details).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|25.3
|26.3
|26.3
|26.5
|27.5
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|2769
|2828
|2868
|2900
|2853
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|33
|29
|30
|26.4
|31.3
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|5.9
|6.2
|6.4
|7
|6.6
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|4
|0.01
|5.5
|0.01
|3.5
|0.01
|9
|0.01
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|8
|100
|10.5
|100
|9.5
|100
|9
|100
|-
|River flood
|1.25
|0.37
|0.5
|0.15
|1.5
|0.95
|4.5
|0.82
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.7
|30
|0.73
|29
|0.71
|29
|0.76
|}

= External links =

= References =

BOBO, K. S., NTUMWEL, C. B., & AGHOMO, M. F. (2013). 1. LOCAL PERCEPTION ON WILDLIFE USES AND RELATED LOSS OF CULTURAL VALUES AROUND THE NKWENDE HILLS FOREST RESERVE_ SOUTH-WEST CAMEROON By K. SERGE BOBO_ C. BONITO NTUMWEL AND MF FLORENCE AGHOMO. Life sciences Leaflets, 39, 1-to.

Bobo, K. S., Aghomo, F. F. M., & Ntumwel, B. C. (2015). Wildlife use and the role of taboos in the conservation of wildlife around the Nkwende Hills Forest Reserve; South-west Cameroon. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 11(1), 1-24.

Forboseh, P. F., Sunderland, T. C. H., & Eno-Nku, M. (2007). Priority setting for conservation in south-west Cameroon based on large mammal surveys. Oryx, 41(2), 255-262.

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-11-05