Rio Muni - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:54, 15 October 2026

2026-10-15T21:54:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:54, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R01547"></span>Murai, M., Ruffler, H., Berlemont, A., Campbell, G., Esono, F., Agbor, A., …, & Kühl, H. S. (2013). Priority Areas for Large Mammal Conservation in Equatorial Guinea. ''PLoS ONE'', 8(9), e75024. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075024 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075024]		<span id="R01547"></span>Murai, M., Ruffler, H., Berlemont, A., Campbell, G., Esono, F., Agbor, A., …, & Kühl, H. S. (2013). Priority Areas for Large Mammal Conservation in Equatorial Guinea. ''PLoS ONE'', 8(9), e75024. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075024 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075024]

	<span id="R02303"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02303"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-01-14		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-01-14

WikiEdit at 14:35, 15 October 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:35, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R01547"></span>Murai, M., Ruffler, H., Berlemont, A., Campbell, G., Esono, F., Agbor, A., …, & Kühl, H. S. (2013). Priority Areas for Large Mammal Conservation in Equatorial Guinea. ''PLoS ONE'', 8(9), e75024. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075024 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075024]		<span id="R01547"></span>Murai, M., Ruffler, H., Berlemont, A., Campbell, G., Esono, F., Agbor, A., …, & Kühl, H. S. (2013). Priority Areas for Large Mammal Conservation in Equatorial Guinea. ''PLoS ONE'', 8(9), e75024. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075024 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075024]

	<span id="R02303"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02303"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-01-14		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-01-14

WikiEdit at 20:30, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T20:30:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:30, 12 October 2026
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	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =

	Río Muni, the mainland region of Equatorial Guinea, is bordered by Cameroon to the north, and Gabon to the east and south. The area covers 26,017 sq. km; vegetations largely consists of Guineo-Congolian rainforest, mangrove forests in the southwest estuary, riparian palm forests along the coast, and some inselbergs in the east (Murai et al. 2013).The region has rich faunal diversity that includes gorillas, chimpanzees, various monkeys, leopards, buffalo, antelope, elephants, hippopotamuses, crocodiles, and various snakes, including pythons ([https://www.britannica.com/place/Equatorial-Guinea/Plant-and-animal-life Britannica]).		Río Muni, the mainland region of Equatorial Guinea, is bordered by Cameroon to the north, and Gabon to the east and south. The area covers 26,017 sq. km; vegetations largely consists of Guineo-Congolian rainforest, mangrove forests in the southwest estuary, riparian palm forests along the coast, and some inselbergs in the east ([[#R01547\|Murai et al. 2013]]).The region has rich faunal diversity that includes gorillas, chimpanzees, various monkeys, leopards, buffalo, antelope, elephants, hippopotamuses, crocodiles, and various snakes, including pythons ([https://www.britannica.com/place/Equatorial-Guinea/Plant-and-animal-life Britannica]).

	'''Table 1. Basic site information for Rio Muni'''		'''Table 1. Basic site information for Rio Muni'''
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	= Ape status =		= Ape status =

	The estimated great ape population in 2011 was 11,097, including a maximum population of 7,824 chimpanzees and a minimum population of 3,273 gorillas (Murai et al. 2013).		The estimated great ape population in 2011 was 11,097, including a maximum population of 7,824 chimpanzees and a minimum population of 3,273 gorillas ([[#R01547\|Murai et al. 2013]]).

	'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Rio Muni'''		'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Rio Muni'''
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	\|Line transects		\|Line transects
	\|		\|
	\|Murai et al. 2013		\|[[#R01547\|Murai et al. 2013]]
	\|Survey effort: 233.94 km		\|Survey effort: 233.94 km
	\|		\|
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	= Threats =		= Threats =

	The expansion of roads across the region have facilitated heavy commercial hunting, which is in high demand with increasing population and wealth (Murai et al. 2013).		The expansion of roads across the region have facilitated heavy commercial hunting, which is in high demand with increasing population and wealth ([[#R01547\|Murai et al. 2013]]).

	'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Rio Muni'''		'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Rio Muni'''
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	\|1.1 Residential areas		\|1.1 Residential areas
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|In a 2013 study, proximity to cities and settlements were the strongest predictors of ape density, which decreased closer to human centres (Murai et al. 2013).		\|In a 2013 study, proximity to cities and settlements were the strongest predictors of ape density, which decreased closer to human centres ([[#R01547\|Murai et al. 2013]]).
	\|Ongoing (2013)		\|Ongoing (2013)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops		\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
	\|Medium (30-70% of population affected)		\|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
	\|Great apes densities have been shown to negatively correlate with agricultural mosaic habitat (Murai et al. 2013).		\|Great apes densities have been shown to negatively correlate with agricultural mosaic habitat ([[#R01547\|Murai et al. 2013]]).
	\|Ongoing (2013)		\|Ongoing (2013)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|4.1 Roads & railroads		\|4.1 Roads & railroads
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Expansion of the road network across the region facilitates commercial hunting and deforestation (Murai et al. 2013).		\|Expansion of the road network across the region facilitates commercial hunting and deforestation ([[#R01547\|Murai et al. 2013]]).
	\|Ongoing (2013)		\|Ongoing (2013)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals		\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Extensive commercial hunting and large urban bushmeat markets in the region (Murai et al. 2013).		\|Extensive commercial hunting and large urban bushmeat markets in the region ([[#R01547\|Murai et al. 2013]]).
	\|Ongoing (2013)		\|Ongoing (2013)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting		\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Forest concessions significantly increased since the discovery of oil reserves in the early 1990s; by 2001, forest concessions covered 1.7 million hectares (Murai et al. 2013).		\|Forest concessions significantly increased since the discovery of oil reserves in the early 1990s; by 2001, forest concessions covered 1.7 million hectares ([[#R01547\|Murai et al. 2013]]).
	\|1990-Ongoing (2001)		\|1990-Ongoing (2001)
	\|}		\|}
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	= Challenges =		= Challenges =

	Protected areas in Río Muni cover 15.4% of the country’s land, but there are limited law enforcement activities undertaken to manage and protect these areas (Murai et al. 2013).		Protected areas in Río Muni cover 15.4% of the country’s land, but there are limited law enforcement activities undertaken to manage and protect these areas ([[#R01547\|Murai et al. 2013]]).

	'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Rio Muni'''		'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Rio Muni'''
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	\|4 Institutional support		\|4 Institutional support
	\|4.1 Lack of law enforcement		\|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
	\|Murai et al. 2013		\|[[#R01547\|Murai et al. 2013]]
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02303\|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02303\|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Rio Muni'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Rio Muni'''
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	= References =		= References =

	Murai M, Ruffler H, Berlemont A, Campbell G, Esono F, Agbor A, ~~et al~~. (2013) Priority Areas for Large Mammal Conservation in Equatorial Guinea. PLoS ONE 8(9): e75024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075024		<span id="R01547"></span>Murai, M., Ruffler, H., Berlemont, A., Campbell, G., Esono, F., Agbor, A., …, & Kühl, H. S. (2013). Priority Areas for Large Mammal Conservation in Equatorial Guinea. ''PLoS ONE'', 8(9), e75024. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075024 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075024]

			<span id="R02303"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-01-14		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-01-14

WikiEdit at 12:19, 3 September 2026

2026-09-03T12:19:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:19, 3 September 2026
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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Rio Muni'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Rio Muni'''

WikiEdit at 14:48, 25 March 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:48, 25 March 2026
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	* Key threats to great apes are extensive commercial hunting, expansion of roads, and human encroachment.		* Key threats to great apes are extensive commercial hunting, expansion of roads, and human encroachment.
	* Conservation activities are not documented.		* Conservation activities are not documented.






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	!Description		!Description
	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
	\|-
	~~\|5 Biological resource use~~
	~~\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting~~
	~~\|High (more than 70% of population affected)~~
	~~\|Forest concessions significantly increased since the discovery of oil reserves in the early 1990s; by 2001, forest concessions covered 1.7 million hectares (Murai et al. 2013).~~
	~~\|1990-Ongoing (2001)~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|1 Residential & commercial development		\|1 Residential & commercial development
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	\|Extensive commercial hunting and large urban bushmeat markets in the region (Murai et al. 2013).		\|Extensive commercial hunting and large urban bushmeat markets in the region (Murai et al. 2013).
	\|Ongoing (2013)		\|Ongoing (2013)
			\|-
			\|5 Biological resource use
			\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|Forest concessions significantly increased since the discovery of oil reserves in the early 1990s; by 2001, forest concessions covered 1.7 million hectares (Murai et al. 2013).
			\|1990-Ongoing (2001)
	\|}		\|}

WikiEdit at 07:10, 6 November 2025

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	<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Rio_Muni.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly ~~inRio~~ Muni]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Rio_Muni.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly ~~inRio~~ Muni]] </li></ul></div>		<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Rio_Muni.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly in Rio Muni]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Rio_Muni.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly in Rio Muni]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =

WikiEdit at 06:54, 6 November 2025

2025-11-06T06:54:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:54, 6 November 2025
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	* Key threats to great apes are extensive commercial hunting, expansion of roads, and human encroachment.		* Key threats to great apes are extensive commercial hunting, expansion of roads, and human encroachment.
	* Conservation activities are not documented.		* Conservation activities are not documented.



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	[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]		[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

	= Ape status =		= Ape status =

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	[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]		[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

	= Threats =		= Threats =

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	[[Threats]]		[[Threats]]

	= Conservation activities =		= Conservation activities =



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	[[Challenges]]		[[Challenges]]

	= Enablers =		= Enablers =

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	[[Enablers]]		[[Enablers]]

	= Research activities =		= Research activities =

	[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320705002223 Determinants of urban bushmeat consumption in Río Muni, Equatorial Guinea]		[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320705002223 Determinants of urban bushmeat consumption in Río Muni, Equatorial Guinea]


	= Documented behaviours =		= Documented behaviours =
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	[[Behaviours]]		[[Behaviours]]

	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

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	\|}		\|}


			<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Rio_Muni.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly inRio Muni]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Rio_Muni.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly inRio Muni]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =

WikiEdit at 08:17, 31 October 2025

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← Older revision		Revision as of 04:17, 31 October 2025
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	\|34.9		\|34.9
	\|12		\|12
	\|9.~~6999999999999993~~		\|9.7
	\|11.1		\|11.1
	\|10.1		\|10.1
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	\|River flood		\|River flood
	\|1.5		\|1.5
	\|2.~~0299999999999998~~		\|2.03
	\|1.25		\|1.25
	\|5.65		\|5.65

WikiEdit: Created page with "Central Africa > Equatorial Guinea > Rio Muni '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp..."

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Created page with "Central Africa > Equatorial Guinea > Rio Muni '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp..."

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Equatorial Guinea]] > [[Rio Muni]]

'''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Rio_Muni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|1.700144, 10.472875~[[Rio Muni]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Rio Muni.
* It has been estimated that 11,097 (CI: 8,719–13,592) great apes occur in the site.
* The great ape population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 26,017 km².
* Key threats to great apes are extensive commercial hunting, expansion of roads, and human encroachment.
* Conservation activities are not documented.

= Site characteristics =

Río Muni, the mainland region of Equatorial Guinea, is bordered by Cameroon to the north, and Gabon to the east and south. The area covers 26,017 sq. km; vegetations largely consists of Guineo-Congolian rainforest, mangrove forests in the southwest estuary, riparian palm forests along the coast, and some inselbergs in the east (Murai et al. 2013).The region has rich faunal diversity that includes gorillas, chimpanzees, various monkeys, leopards, buffalo, antelope, elephants, hippopotamuses, crocodiles, and various snakes, including pythons ([https://www.britannica.com/place/Equatorial-Guinea/Plant-and-animal-life Britannica]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Rio Muni'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|26,017 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 1.700144 , Lon: 10.472875
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

The estimated great ape population in 2011 was 11,097, including a maximum population of 7,824 chimpanzees and a minimum population of 3,273 gorillas (Murai et al. 2013).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Rio Muni'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2011
|
|
|
|11,097 (8,719-13,592)
|Río Muni
|Line transects
|
|Murai et al. 2013
|Survey effort: 233.94 km
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

The expansion of roads across the region have facilitated heavy commercial hunting, which is in high demand with increasing population and wealth (Murai et al. 2013).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Rio Muni'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Forest concessions significantly increased since the discovery of oil reserves in the early 1990s; by 2001, forest concessions covered 1.7 million hectares (Murai et al. 2013).
|1990-Ongoing (2001)
|-
|1 Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Residential areas
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|In a 2013 study, proximity to cities and settlements were the strongest predictors of ape density, which decreased closer to human centres (Murai et al. 2013).
|Ongoing (2013)
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Great apes densities have been shown to negatively correlate with agricultural mosaic habitat (Murai et al. 2013).
|Ongoing (2013)
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Expansion of the road network across the region facilitates commercial hunting and deforestation (Murai et al. 2013).
|Ongoing (2013)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Extensive commercial hunting and large urban bushmeat markets in the region (Murai et al. 2013).
|Ongoing (2013)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

= Challenges =

Protected areas in Río Muni cover 15.4% of the country’s land, but there are limited law enforcement activities undertaken to manage and protect these areas (Murai et al. 2013).

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Rio Muni'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|Murai et al. 2013
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Rio Muni'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320705002223 Determinants of urban bushmeat consumption in Río Muni, Equatorial Guinea]

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Rio Muni'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. subm. extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (see Kiribou et al. subm. for details).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Rio Muni'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|25.4
|26.5
|26.4
|26.7
|27.7
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|4288
|4376
|4330
|4486
|4372
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|34.9
|12
|9.6999999999999993
|11.1
|10.1
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.8
|10.6
|10.8
|10.5
|11.1
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Rio Muni'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|2.5
|0.01
|6
|0.01
|5.5
|0.01
|9
|0.01
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|7
|100
|8.5
|100
|7
|100
|19.5
|100
|-
|River flood
|1.5
|2.0299999999999998
|1.25
|5.65
|0.5
|1.05
|5
|5.3
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|0.5
|0.05
|0
|0
|0.5
|0.05
|0.5
|0.05
|}

= External links =

= References =

Murai M, Ruffler H, Berlemont A, Campbell G, Esono F, Agbor A, et al. (2013) Priority Areas for Large Mammal Conservation in Equatorial Guinea. PLoS ONE 8(9): e75024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075024

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-01-14