Sankuru Nature Reserve - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:54, 15 October 2026

2026-10-15T21:54:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:54, 15 October 2026
Line 391:		Line 391:
	<span id="R01653"></span>Nyembo, F., Mertens, B., Cherif, M., & Koné, I. (2020). Menaces d’origine anthropique et habitat de Pan paniscus dans la Réserve Naturelle de Sankuru, en République démocratique du Congo. HAL—Centre pour la communication scientifique ouverte. https://hal.science/hal-03285049/document		<span id="R01653"></span>Nyembo, F., Mertens, B., Cherif, M., & Koné, I. (2020). Menaces d’origine anthropique et habitat de Pan paniscus dans la Réserve Naturelle de Sankuru, en République démocratique du Congo. HAL—Centre pour la communication scientifique ouverte. https://hal.science/hal-03285049/document

	<span id="R02312"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02312"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R02010"></span>Global Forest Watch. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/		<span id="R02010"></span>Global Forest Watch. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/

WikiEdit at 14:35, 15 October 2026

2026-10-15T14:35:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:35, 15 October 2026
Line 391:		Line 391:
	<span id="R01653"></span>Nyembo, F., Mertens, B., Cherif, M., & Koné, I. (2020). Menaces d’origine anthropique et habitat de Pan paniscus dans la Réserve Naturelle de Sankuru, en République démocratique du Congo. HAL—Centre pour la communication scientifique ouverte. https://hal.science/hal-03285049/document		<span id="R01653"></span>Nyembo, F., Mertens, B., Cherif, M., & Koné, I. (2020). Menaces d’origine anthropique et habitat de Pan paniscus dans la Réserve Naturelle de Sankuru, en République démocratique du Congo. HAL—Centre pour la communication scientifique ouverte. https://hal.science/hal-03285049/document

	<span id="R02312"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02312"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R02010"></span>Global Forest Watch. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/		<span id="R02010"></span>Global Forest Watch. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/

WikiEdit at 20:30, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T20:30:46Z

Show changes

WikiEdit at 12:19, 3 September 2026

2026-09-03T12:19:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:19, 3 September 2026
Line 256:		Line 256:
	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Sankuru Nature Reserve'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Sankuru Nature Reserve'''

WikiEdit at 14:50, 1 September 2026

2026-09-01T14:50:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:50, 1 September 2026
Line 384:		Line 384:

	Bonobo Conservation Initiative. (2007, November 19). Rainforest reserve established in DR Congo to save bonobo. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2007/11/rainforest-reserve-established-in-dr-congo-to-save-bonobo/ <br>		Bonobo Conservation Initiative. (2007, November 19). Rainforest reserve established in DR Congo to save bonobo. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2007/11/rainforest-reserve-established-in-dr-congo-to-save-bonobo/ <br>

	Future Carbon International LLC. (2022). Sankuru Peace Forest grouped REDD project (Version 1.0; VCS Version 4.1) [Project description]. Future Carbon International. <br>		Future Carbon International LLC. (2022). Sankuru Peace Forest grouped REDD project (Version 1.0; VCS Version 4.1) [Project description]. Future Carbon International. <br>
	Nyembo, F., Mertens, B., Cherif, M., & Koné, I. (2020). Menaces d’origine anthropique et habitat de Pan paniscus dans la Réserve Naturelle de Sankuru, en République démocratique du Congo. HAL — Centre pour la communication scientifique ouverte. https://hal.science/hal-03285049/document <br>
	Liengola, I., Vosper, A., Maisels, F., Bonyenge, A., & Nkumu, P. (2009). Conserving Bonobos in the Last Unexplored Forest of the Democratic Republic of Congo–the Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba Landscape. Unpublished report, Wildlife Conservation Society: New York, USA. <br>

			Liengola, I., Vosper, A., Maisels, F., Bonyenge, A., & Nkumu, P. (2009). Conserving bonobos in the last unexplored forest of the Democratic Republic of Congo–the Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba Landscape [Unpublished report]. Wildlife Conservation Society. <br>

			Nyembo, F., Mertens, B., Cherif, M., & Koné, I. (2020). Menaces d’origine anthropique et habitat de Pan paniscus dans la Réserve Naturelle de Sankuru, en République démocratique du Congo. HAL—Centre pour la communication scientifique ouverte. https://hal.science/hal-03285049/document <br>

WikiEdit at 12:43, 11 June 2026

2026-06-11T12:43:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:43, 11 June 2026
Line 169:		Line 169:
	\|-		\|-
	\|6 Safety and stability		\|6 Safety and stability
	\|6.1 Political/economic ~~instabilty~~		\|6.1 Political/economic instability
	\|Nyembo et al. 2020		\|Nyembo et al. 2020
	\|2006		\|2006

WikiEdit at 13:32, 2 June 2026

2026-06-02T13:32:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:32, 2 June 2026
Line 93:		Line 93:
	\|1.1 Residential areas		\|1.1 Residential areas
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Concentrated near towns and along roads crossing the reserve; leads to habitat fragmentation and reduced food plant availability for bonobos (Nyembo et al. 2020).		\|Concentrated near towns and along roads crossing the reserve; leads to habitat fragmentation and reduced food plant availability for bonobos (Nyembo et al. 2020, Liengola et al. 2009).
	\|2000,2010-Ongoing (2018)		\|2000,2010-Ongoing (2018)
	\|-		\|-
Line 99:		Line 99:
	\|2.1.2 Small-holder farming		\|2.1.2 Small-holder farming
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|Smallholder, low-input agriculture causing forest conversion (Future Carbon International 2022).		\|Expansion of agriculture reported within and around reserve (Liengola et al. 2009). Smallholder, low-input agriculture causing forest conversion (Future Carbon International 2022).
	\|2001-Ongoing (2022)		\|2001-Ongoing (2022)
	\|-		\|-
Line 105:		Line 105:
	\|5.1.3 Commercial bushmeat trade		\|5.1.3 Commercial bushmeat trade
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Bushmeat hunting and commercial hunting pressure are reported, with organized hunting supplying the bushmeat trade and targeting bonobos, other primates, elephants, and various mammals. This has remained a major concern since the early days of the reserve (Bonobo Conservation Initiative 2007). Bonobo groups experience immediate and significant impacts, while the underground market trade continues (evidenced by a bonobo carcass found in Lomela, 2018) (Nyembo et al. 2020). The reserve suffers from continuous deforestation and hunting of wild animals. From 2001 to		\|Bushmeat hunting and commercial hunting pressure are reported (Liengola et al. 2009), with organized hunting supplying the bushmeat trade and targeting bonobos, other primates, elephants, and various mammals. This has remained a major concern since the early days of the reserve (Bonobo Conservation Initiative 2007). Bonobo groups experience immediate and significant impacts, while the underground market trade continues (evidenced by a bonobo carcass found in Lomela, 2018) (Nyembo et al. 2020). The reserve suffers from continuous deforestation and hunting of wild animals. From 2001 to
	2021 (Future Carbon International 2022).		2021 (Future Carbon International 2022).
	\|2001-Ongoing (2022)		\|2001-Ongoing (2022)
Line 200:		Line 200:
	\|3.6 Local community engagement and support		\|3.6 Local community engagement and support
	\|[https://www.bonobo.org/programs/sankurunature-reserve BCI]		\|[https://www.bonobo.org/programs/sankurunature-reserve BCI]
	\|Ongoing 2025		\|Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Institutional support		\|4 Institutional support
	\|		\|4.2 Strong government support
	\|		\|Liengola et al. 2009
	\|		\|Ongoing (2009)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Ecological context		\|5 Ecological context
Line 393:		Line 393:

	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-02-27		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-02-27

			'''Page updated by: '''Aime Mizero''' Date:''' 2026-06-02

WikiEdit at 09:24, 21 April 2026

2026-04-21T09:24:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:24, 21 April 2026
Line 162:		Line 162:
	!Source		!Source
	!Year(s)		!Year(s)
			\|-
			\|4 Institutional support
			\|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
			\|Nyembo et al. 2020
			\|Ongoing (2020)
	\|-		\|-
	\|6 Safety and stability		\|6 Safety and stability
Line 167:		Line 172:
	\|Nyembo et al. 2020		\|Nyembo et al. 2020
	\|2006		\|2006
	\|-
	~~\|4 Institutional support~~
	~~\|4.1 Lack of law enforcement~~
	~~\|Nyembo et al. 2020~~
	~~\|Ongoing (2020)~~
	\|}		\|}

WikiEdit at 14:48, 25 March 2026

2026-03-25T14:48:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:48, 25 March 2026
Line 13:		Line 13:
	* Key threats to bonobos are logging and wood harvesting.		* Key threats to bonobos are logging and wood harvesting.
	* Conservation activities have focused on the implementation of a REDD+ project.		* Conservation activities have focused on the implementation of a REDD+ project.






Line 94:		Line 90:
	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~5 Biological resource use~~		\|1 Residential & commercial development
	\|5.~~3 Logging & wood harvesting~~		\|1.1 Residential areas
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|~~Forest loss in~~ the ~~region~~ (~~[https://www~~.~~globalforestwatch.org/ Global Forest Watch]~~). ~~Since 2001, the main drivers of forest degradation in the DRC are slash-and-burn agriculture, followed by~~		\|Concentrated near towns and along roads crossing the reserve; leads to habitat fragmentation and reduced food plant availability for bonobos (Nyembo et al. 2020).
	~~logging~~, ~~charcoal production and artisanal loggers (Future Carbon International 2022).~~		\|2000,2010-Ongoing (2018)
	~~\|2001~~-Ongoing (~~2023~~)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~7 Natural system modifications~~		\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
	\|7.1 ~~Fire & fire suppression~~		\|2.1.2 Small-holder farming
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|~~In 2020~~, ~~more than 1,500 km² of old~~-~~growth~~ forest within Sankuru was reportedly burned - part of broader fires affecting Sankuru Province. The 2020 wildfires exacerbated habitat loss, raising serious concerns over the effectiveness of protection and enforcement inside Sankuru ([https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/l-a-sized-tract-of-primary-forest-went-up-in-flames-in-drc-province-in-2020/ Mongabay 2020]). Slash and burning forests reported (Future Carbon International 2022).		\|Smallholder, low-input agriculture causing forest conversion (Future Carbon International 2022).
	\|~~2020~~-Ongoing (2022)		\|2001-Ongoing (2022)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
Line 114:		Line 109:
	\|2001-Ongoing (2022)		\|2001-Ongoing (2022)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~1 Residential & commercial development~~		\|5 Biological resource use
	\|1.~~1 Residential areas~~		\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|~~Concentrated near towns~~ and ~~along roads crossing the reserve; leads to habitat fragmentation~~ and ~~reduced food plant availability for bonobos~~ (~~Nyembo et al. 2020~~).		\|Forest loss in the region ([https://www.globalforestwatch.org/ Global Forest Watch]). Since 2001, the main drivers of forest degradation in the DRC are slash-and-burn agriculture, followed by
	\|~~2000,2010~~-Ongoing (~~2018~~)		logging, charcoal production and artisanal loggers (Future Carbon International 2022).
			\|2001-Ongoing (2023)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~2 Agriculture & aquaculture~~		\|7 Natural system modifications
	\|2.1~~.2 Small-holder farming~~		\|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|~~Smallholder~~, ~~low~~-~~input agriculture causing~~ forest ~~conversion~~ (Future Carbon International 2022).		\|In 2020, more than 1,500 km² of old-growth forest within Sankuru was reportedly burned - part of broader fires affecting Sankuru Province. The 2020 wildfires exacerbated habitat loss, raising serious concerns over the effectiveness of protection and enforcement inside Sankuru ([https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/l-a-sized-tract-of-primary-forest-went-up-in-flames-in-drc-province-in-2020/ Mongabay 2020]). Slash and burning forests reported (Future Carbon International 2022).
	\|~~2001~~-Ongoing (2022)		\|2020-Ongoing (2022)
	\|}		\|}

WikiEdit at 07:31, 4 February 2026

2026-02-04T07:31:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:31, 4 February 2026
Line 145:		Line 145:
	\|The site is a protected area, a nature reserve established through a partnership between the government, the Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI), and local communities, including its Congolese partner ACOPRIK (Bonobo Conservation Initiative 2007).		\|The site is a protected area, a nature reserve established through a partnership between the government, the Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI), and local communities, including its Congolese partner ACOPRIK (Bonobo Conservation Initiative 2007).
	\|Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI), local communities, Congolese partner ACOPRIK, DRC government		\|Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI), local communities, Congolese partner ACOPRIK, DRC government
	\|2007-Ongoing (~~2025~~)		\|2007-Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
	\|7 Economic & other incentives		\|7 Economic & other incentives