Test - Revision history

WikiEdit at 17:03, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T17:03:19Z

WikiEdit at 16:55, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T16:55:49Z

WikiEdit at 14:53, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T14:53:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:53, 12 October 2026
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	= Threats =		= Threats =

	Areas immediately surrounding the park are being, or have been, logged ([[#R00319\|BirdLife International 2020]]). Large infrastructure projects, extractives and agro-industries are putting enormous pressure on the park. They include the Kribi industrial port complex, the Memve’ele Hydropower Dam, the Mount Mammelles iron ore exploration project, the rubber plantation of Hévécam and SOCAPALM oil palm plantations, and the construction of a railway terminal to transport iron ore to the Kribi seaport ([~~https://wwf.panda.org/?325912/The-saving-of-Campo-Maan-National-Park~~ WWF 2018]). There is a strong positive correlation between the number of development projects deployed near CMNP and the average number of poaching offences ([[#R00327\|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]]). [[#cite-Testperson-Muster-2026\|Testperson & Muster (2026)]] report further pressure.		Areas immediately surrounding the park are being, or have been, logged ([[#R00319\|BirdLife International 2020]]). Large infrastructure projects, extractives and agro-industries are putting enormous pressure on the park. They include the Kribi industrial port complex, the Memve’ele Hydropower Dam, the Mount Mammelles iron ore exploration project, the rubber plantation of Hévécam and SOCAPALM oil palm plantations, and the construction of a railway terminal to transport iron ore to the Kribi seaport ([[#R00326\|WWF 2018]]). There is a strong positive correlation between the number of development projects deployed near CMNP and the average number of poaching offences ([[#R00327\|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]]). [[#cite-Testperson-Muster-2026\|Testperson & Muster (2026)]] report further pressure.

	'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Campo Ma'an National Park'''		'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
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	\|2 Counter-wildlife crime		\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
	\|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols		\|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
	\|Park guards conduct regular patrols to halt poaching and human encroachment ([~~https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/~~ WWF], WWF 2008). ([[#cite-Testperson-Muster-2026\|Testperson & Muster 2026]]).		\|Park guards conduct regular patrols to halt poaching and human encroachment ([[#R02023\|WWF]], WWF 2008). ([[#cite-Testperson-Muster-2026\|Testperson & Muster 2026]]).
	\|MINFOF (Campo Ma’an park team); WWF; AWF; local community patrols		\|MINFOF (Campo Ma’an park team); WWF; AWF; local community patrols
	\|2008-Ongoing (2020)		\|2008-Ongoing (2020)

WikiEdit at 14:52, 12 October 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:52, 12 October 2026
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	= External links =		= External links =

	[~~https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/~~ Kudu-Zombo Programme]		[[#R02023\|Kudu-Zombo Programme]]

	= References =		= References =

WikiEdit at 14:37, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T14:37:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:37, 12 October 2026
Line 274:		Line 274:
	= Threats =		= Threats =

	Areas immediately surrounding the park are being, or have been, logged ([[#R00319\|BirdLife International 2020]]). Large infrastructure projects, extractives and agro-industries are putting enormous pressure on the park. They include the Kribi industrial port complex, the Memve’ele Hydropower Dam, the Mount Mammelles iron ore exploration project, the rubber plantation of Hévécam and SOCAPALM oil palm plantations, and the construction of a railway terminal to transport iron ore to the Kribi seaport ([https://wwf.panda.org/?325912/The-saving-of-Campo-Maan-National-Park WWF 2018]). There is a strong positive correlation between the number of development projects deployed near CMNP and the average number of poaching offences ([[#R00327\|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]]).		Areas immediately surrounding the park are being, or have been, logged ([[#R00319\|BirdLife International 2020]]). Large infrastructure projects, extractives and agro-industries are putting enormous pressure on the park. They include the Kribi industrial port complex, the Memve’ele Hydropower Dam, the Mount Mammelles iron ore exploration project, the rubber plantation of Hévécam and SOCAPALM oil palm plantations, and the construction of a railway terminal to transport iron ore to the Kribi seaport ([https://wwf.panda.org/?325912/The-saving-of-Campo-Maan-National-Park WWF 2018]). There is a strong positive correlation between the number of development projects deployed near CMNP and the average number of poaching offences ([[#R00327\|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]]). [[#cite-Testperson-Muster-2026\|Testperson & Muster (2026)]] report further pressure.

	'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Campo Ma'an National Park'''		'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
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	\|2 Counter-wildlife crime		\|2 Counter-wildlife crime
	\|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols		\|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
	\|Park guards conduct regular patrols to halt poaching and human encroachment ([[#~~R02023~~\|~~WWF~~]]~~, WWF 2008~~).		\|Park guards conduct regular patrols to halt poaching and human encroachment ([https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/ WWF], WWF 2008). ([[#cite-Testperson-Muster-2026\|Testperson & Muster 2026]]).
	\|MINFOF (Campo Ma’an park team); WWF; AWF; local community patrols		\|MINFOF (Campo Ma’an park team); WWF; AWF; local community patrols
	\|2008-Ongoing (2020)		\|2008-Ongoing (2020)
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	<span id="R02023"></span>WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/		<span id="R02023"></span>WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/

			<span id="cite-Testperson-Muster-2026"></span>Testperson, A., & Muster, B. (2026). Test reference: link check for new Atlas references. Journal of Tests, 1, 1–2.

			Ohnezitat, C. (2026). Test reference without cite_as.

WikiEdit at 14:18, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T14:18:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:18, 12 October 2026
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	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =

	Established in 2000, Campo Ma'an National Park is located in southwestern Cameroon, bordering Equatorial Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The vegetation consists largely of coastal evergreen rainforest. Several species of plants have beeen recently discovered, which may be endemic ([[#R00319\|BirdLife International 2020]]). In addition to gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla'') and chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes''), other mammals found in the park include forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), and several species of primates, including mandrills (''Mandrillus sphinx''), and black colobus (''Colobus satanas''). The African manatee (''Trichechus senegalensis'') also occurs in the western part of the park. More than 165 species of fish have been recorded, of which four are endemic to Campo Ma'an. The park is also rich in reptiles (122 species recorded), and birds (200 species recorded in the site, and 100 species recorded in adjacent areas; [[#R00319\|BirdLife International 2020]]). The park was designated as an Important Bird Area in 2001 ([[#R00319\|BirdLife International 2020]]).Campo Ma’an National Park is surrounded by a buffer zone of several forest management units (Unités Techniques Opérationelles – UTOs), where commercial logging, agro-industrial expansion, and infrastructure projects have intensified since 2008, affecting wildlife abundance and connectivity (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025)		Established in 2000, Campo Ma'an National Park is located in southwestern Cameroon, bordering Equatorial Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The vegetation consists largely of coastal evergreen rainforest. Several species of plants have beeen recently discovered, which may be endemic ([[#R00319\|BirdLife International 2020]]). In addition to gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla'') and chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes''), other mammals found in the park include forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), and several species of primates, including mandrills (''Mandrillus sphinx''), and black colobus (''Colobus satanas''). The African manatee (''Trichechus senegalensis'') also occurs in the western part of the park. More than 165 species of fish have been recorded, of which four are endemic to Campo Ma'an. The park is also rich in reptiles (122 species recorded), and birds (200 species recorded in the site, and 100 species recorded in adjacent areas; [[#R00319\|BirdLife International 2020]]). The park was designated as an Important Bird Area in 2001 ([[#R00319\|BirdLife International 2020]]).Campo Ma’an National Park is surrounded by a buffer zone of several forest management units (Unités Techniques Opérationelles – UTOs), where commercial logging, agro-industrial expansion, and infrastructure projects have intensified since 2008, affecting wildlife abundance and connectivity ([[#R00327\|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]])

	'''Table 1. Basic site information for Campo Ma'an National Park'''		'''Table 1. Basic site information for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
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	= Threats =		= Threats =

	Areas immediately surrounding the park are being, or have been, logged ([[#R00319\|BirdLife International 2020]]). Large infrastructure projects, extractives and agro-industries are putting enormous pressure on the park. They include the Kribi industrial port complex, the Memve’ele Hydropower Dam, the Mount Mammelles iron ore exploration project, the rubber plantation of Hévécam and SOCAPALM oil palm plantations, and the construction of a railway terminal to transport iron ore to the Kribi seaport ([https://wwf.panda.org/?325912/The-saving-of-Campo-Maan-National-Park WWF 2018]). There is a strong positive correlation between the number of development projects deployed near CMNP and the average number of poaching offences (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025).		Areas immediately surrounding the park are being, or have been, logged ([[#R00319\|BirdLife International 2020]]). Large infrastructure projects, extractives and agro-industries are putting enormous pressure on the park. They include the Kribi industrial port complex, the Memve’ele Hydropower Dam, the Mount Mammelles iron ore exploration project, the rubber plantation of Hévécam and SOCAPALM oil palm plantations, and the construction of a railway terminal to transport iron ore to the Kribi seaport ([https://wwf.panda.org/?325912/The-saving-of-Campo-Maan-National-Park WWF 2018]). There is a strong positive correlation between the number of development projects deployed near CMNP and the average number of poaching offences ([[#R00327\|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]]).

	'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Campo Ma'an National Park'''		'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02169\|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02169\|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Campo Ma'an National Park'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Campo Ma'an National Park'''
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	<span id="R00327"></span>Zo'obo Engolo, G. M., Yaouba, B., Mbog Mbog, S., Ngoko, P. P., Memvi Abessolo, C. I., & Bitondo, D. (2025). Assessing the Impact of Development Projects on Wildlife Abundance in Campo-Ma’an National Park, Southern Cameroon, from 2008 to 2020. ''Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences'', 7(9), 106-123. [https://doi.org/10.30564/jees.v7i9.10974 doi:10.30564/jees.v7i9.10974]		<span id="R00327"></span>Zo'obo Engolo, G. M., Yaouba, B., Mbog Mbog, S., Ngoko, P. P., Memvi Abessolo, C. I., & Bitondo, D. (2025). Assessing the Impact of Development Projects on Wildlife Abundance in Campo-Ma’an National Park, Southern Cameroon, from 2008 to 2020. ''Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences'', 7(9), 106-123. [https://doi.org/10.30564/jees.v7i9.10974 doi:10.30564/jees.v7i9.10974]

			<span id="R02110"></span>WWF. (2018). Decoding conservation: How the lands and ecosystems that wildlife and communities depend upon are protected. Retrieved from https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/forests_practice/forest_publications_news_and_reports/?339714/Decoding-Conservation-How-the-lands-and-ecosystems-that-wildlife-and-communities-depend-upon-are-protected

			<span id="R02169"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R02023"></span>WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/		<span id="R02023"></span>WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/

WikiEdit at 13:49, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T13:49:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:49, 12 October 2026
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	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =

	Established in 2000, Campo Ma'an National Park is located in southwestern Cameroon, bordering Equatorial Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The vegetation consists largely of coastal evergreen rainforest. Several species of plants have beeen recently discovered, which may be endemic (BirdLife International 2020). In addition to gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla'') and chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes''), other mammals found in the park include forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), and several species of primates, including mandrills (''Mandrillus sphinx''), and black colobus (''Colobus satanas''). The African manatee (''Trichechus senegalensis'') also occurs in the western part of the park. More than 165 species of fish have been recorded, of which four are endemic to Campo Ma'an. The park is also rich in reptiles (122 species recorded), and birds (200 species recorded in the site, and 100 species recorded in adjacent areas; BirdLife International 2020). The park was designated as an Important Bird Area in 2001 (BirdLife International 2020).Campo Ma’an National Park is surrounded by a buffer zone of several forest management units (Unités Techniques Opérationelles – UTOs), where commercial logging, agro-industrial expansion, and infrastructure projects have intensified since 2008, affecting wildlife abundance and connectivity (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025)		Established in 2000, Campo Ma'an National Park is located in southwestern Cameroon, bordering Equatorial Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The vegetation consists largely of coastal evergreen rainforest. Several species of plants have beeen recently discovered, which may be endemic ([[#R00319\|BirdLife International 2020]]). In addition to gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla'') and chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes''), other mammals found in the park include forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), and several species of primates, including mandrills (''Mandrillus sphinx''), and black colobus (''Colobus satanas''). The African manatee (''Trichechus senegalensis'') also occurs in the western part of the park. More than 165 species of fish have been recorded, of which four are endemic to Campo Ma'an. The park is also rich in reptiles (122 species recorded), and birds (200 species recorded in the site, and 100 species recorded in adjacent areas; [[#R00319\|BirdLife International 2020]]). The park was designated as an Important Bird Area in 2001 ([[#R00319\|BirdLife International 2020]]).Campo Ma’an National Park is surrounded by a buffer zone of several forest management units (Unités Techniques Opérationelles – UTOs), where commercial logging, agro-industrial expansion, and infrastructure projects have intensified since 2008, affecting wildlife abundance and connectivity (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025)

	'''Table 1. Basic site information for Campo Ma'an National Park'''		'''Table 1. Basic site information for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
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	= Threats =		= Threats =

	Areas immediately surrounding the park are being, or have been, logged (BirdLife International 2020). Large infrastructure projects, extractives and agro-industries are putting enormous pressure on the park. They include the Kribi industrial port complex, the Memve’ele Hydropower Dam, the Mount Mammelles iron ore exploration project, the rubber plantation of Hévécam and SOCAPALM oil palm plantations, and the construction of a railway terminal to transport iron ore to the Kribi seaport ([https://wwf.panda.org/?325912/The-saving-of-Campo-Maan-National-Park WWF 2018]). There is a strong positive correlation between the number of development projects deployed near CMNP and the average number of poaching offences (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025).		Areas immediately surrounding the park are being, or have been, logged ([[#R00319\|BirdLife International 2020]]). Large infrastructure projects, extractives and agro-industries are putting enormous pressure on the park. They include the Kribi industrial port complex, the Memve’ele Hydropower Dam, the Mount Mammelles iron ore exploration project, the rubber plantation of Hévécam and SOCAPALM oil palm plantations, and the construction of a railway terminal to transport iron ore to the Kribi seaport ([https://wwf.panda.org/?325912/The-saving-of-Campo-Maan-National-Park WWF 2018]). There is a strong positive correlation between the number of development projects deployed near CMNP and the average number of poaching offences (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025).

	'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Campo Ma'an National Park'''		'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
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	\|WWF		\|WWF
	\|2011-Ongoing (2022)		\|2011-Ongoing (2022)
	\|-
	\|
	\|
	\|
	\|
	\|
	\|}		\|}

WikiEdit at 13:15, 12 October 2026

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