Tonkoli Forest Reserve - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:55, 15 October 2026

2026-10-15T21:55:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:55, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R01828"></span>Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308223613/http://tacugama.com/census.html link]		<span id="R01828"></span>Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308223613/http://tacugama.com/census.html link]

	<span id="R02327"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02327"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-11-16		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-11-16

WikiEdit at 14:36, 15 October 2026

2026-10-15T14:36:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:36, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R01828"></span>Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308223613/http://tacugama.com/census.html link]		<span id="R01828"></span>Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308223613/http://tacugama.com/census.html link]

	<span id="R02327"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02327"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-11-16		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-11-16

WikiEdit at 19:13, 14 October 2026

2026-10-14T19:13:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:13, 14 October 2026
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	\|[[#R01828\|Brncic et al. 2010]]		\|[[#R01828\|Brncic et al. 2010]]
	\|		\|
	\|SLE0002, SLE0003, SLE0004, SLE0014, SLE0015, SLE0017, SLE0018, SLE0021, SLE0024, SLE0025, SLE0026, SLE0029, SLE0032, SLE0036, SLE0037		\|SLE0002, SLE0003<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+13 more" data-collapsetext="less">SLE0004, SLE0014, SLE0015, SLE0017, SLE0018, SLE0021, SLE0024, SLE0025, SLE0026, SLE0029, SLE0032, SLE0036, SLE0037</div>
	\|}		\|}

WikiEdit at 20:31, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T20:31:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:31, 12 October 2026
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	= Ape status =		= Ape status =

	During a national survey in 2009, interviews were conducted in 24 communities in and around the Tonkoli Reserve; 8 reported the presence of chimpanzees, and 16 communities reported having no chimpanzees in the vicinity (Brncic et al. 2010). Several people reported that chimpanzees were present around their community before the war. Based on interviews, they may still be present in the southeastern part of the reserve (Brncic et al. 2010).		During a national survey in 2009, interviews were conducted in 24 communities in and around the Tonkoli Reserve; 8 reported the presence of chimpanzees, and 16 communities reported having no chimpanzees in the vicinity ([[#R01828\|Brncic et al. 2010]]). Several people reported that chimpanzees were present around their community before the war. Based on interviews, they may still be present in the southeastern part of the reserve ([[#R01828\|Brncic et al. 2010]]).

	'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Tonkoli Forest Reserve'''		'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Tonkoli Forest Reserve'''
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	\|Interviews		\|Interviews
	\|		\|
	\|Brncic et al. 2010		\|[[#R01828\|Brncic et al. 2010]]
	\|
	\|		\|
			\|SLE0002, SLE0003, SLE0004, SLE0014, SLE0015, SLE0017, SLE0018, SLE0021, SLE0024, SLE0025, SLE0026, SLE0029, SLE0032, SLE0036, SLE0037
	\|}		\|}

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	= Threats =		= Threats =

	The main threats to chimpanzees in the site, as reported by local communities during a 2009 interview survey, include hunting, farming, logging, and civil war (1991-20020). Many people reported that chimpanzees were present before the war, but not seen now for some time. The site was used extensively by rebels during the war. Much of the forest has been damaged or lost as a consequence; chimpanzees have been largely hunted or driven out from the area. In addition, much of the forest has been cleared for agriculture (Brncic et al. 2010).		The main threats to chimpanzees in the site, as reported by local communities during a 2009 interview survey, include hunting, farming, logging, and civil war (1991-20020). Many people reported that chimpanzees were present before the war, but not seen now for some time. The site was used extensively by rebels during the war. Much of the forest has been damaged or lost as a consequence; chimpanzees have been largely hunted or driven out from the area. In addition, much of the forest has been cleared for agriculture ([[#R01828\|Brncic et al. 2010]]).

	'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Tonkoli Forest Reserve'''		'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Tonkoli Forest Reserve'''
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	\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops		\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|A large portion of the forest appears to have been cleared for crops such as rice and pepper (Brncic et al. 2010).		\|A large portion of the forest appears to have been cleared for crops such as rice and pepper ([[#R01828\|Brncic et al. 2010]]).
	\|Ongoing (2010)		\|Ongoing (2010)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals		\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Hunting was reported as a main threat during a 2010 interview survey in the area (Brncic et al. 2010).		\|Hunting was reported as a main threat during a 2010 interview survey in the area ([[#R01828\|Brncic et al. 2010]]).
	\|Ongoing (2010)		\|Ongoing (2010)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting		\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Logging and subsequent agricultural activities have severely degraded the forest. A logging company appears to have a concession inside the reserve (Brncic et al. 2010).		\|Logging and subsequent agricultural activities have severely degraded the forest. A logging company appears to have a concession inside the reserve ([[#R01828\|Brncic et al. 2010]]).
	\|Ongoing (2010)		\|Ongoing (2010)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises		\|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|The decline in chimpanzee population was noticeable to local communities as a result of war and increased severity of related threats, such as hunting and logging (Brncic et al. 2010).		\|The decline in chimpanzee population was noticeable to local communities as a result of war and increased severity of related threats, such as hunting and logging ([[#R01828\|Brncic et al. 2010]]).
	\|1991-2002		\|1991-2002
	\|}		\|}
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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02327\|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02327\|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Tonkoli Forest Reserve'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Tonkoli Forest Reserve'''
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	= References =		= References =

	Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.		<span id="R01828"></span>Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308223613/http://tacugama.com/census.html link]

			<span id="R02327"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-11-16		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-11-16

WikiEdit at 12:20, 3 September 2026

2026-09-03T12:20:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:20, 3 September 2026
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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Tonkoli Forest Reserve'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Tonkoli Forest Reserve'''

WikiEdit at 14:49, 25 March 2026

2026-03-25T14:49:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:49, 25 March 2026
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	* Key threats to chimpanzees are logging, hunting and loss of habitat due to agricultural expansion.		* Key threats to chimpanzees are logging, hunting and loss of habitat due to agricultural expansion.
	* Conservation activities are not reported.		* Conservation activities are not reported.






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	!Description		!Description
	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
	\|-
	~~\|6 Human intrusions & disturbance~~
	~~\|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises~~
	~~\|High (more than 70% of population affected)~~
	~~\|The decline in chimpanzee population was noticeable to local communities as a result of war and increased severity of related threats, such as hunting and logging (Brncic et al. 2010).~~
	~~\|1991-2002~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture		\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
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	\|Logging and subsequent agricultural activities have severely degraded the forest. A logging company appears to have a concession inside the reserve (Brncic et al. 2010).		\|Logging and subsequent agricultural activities have severely degraded the forest. A logging company appears to have a concession inside the reserve (Brncic et al. 2010).
	\|Ongoing (2010)		\|Ongoing (2010)
			\|-
			\|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
			\|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|The decline in chimpanzee population was noticeable to local communities as a result of war and increased severity of related threats, such as hunting and logging (Brncic et al. 2010).
			\|1991-2002
	\|}		\|}

WikiEdit at 07:32, 4 February 2026

2026-02-04T07:32:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:32, 4 February 2026
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	\|The site is a forest reserve.		\|The site is a forest reserve.
	\|		\|
	\|1926-Ongoing (~~2023~~)		\|1926-Ongoing (2026)
	\|}		\|}

WikiEdit at 07:11, 6 November 2025

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← Older revision		Revision as of 03:11, 6 November 2025
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	<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Tonkoli_FR.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly ~~inTonkoli~~ Forest Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Tonkoli_FR.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly ~~inTonkoli~~ Forest Reserve]] </li></ul></div>		<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Tonkoli_FR.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly in Tonkoli Forest Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Tonkoli_FR.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly in Tonkoli Forest Reserve]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =

WikiEdit at 06:55, 6 November 2025

2025-11-06T06:55:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:55, 6 November 2025
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	* Key threats to chimpanzees are logging, hunting and loss of habitat due to agricultural expansion.		* Key threats to chimpanzees are logging, hunting and loss of habitat due to agricultural expansion.
	* Conservation activities are not reported.		* Conservation activities are not reported.



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	[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]		[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

	= Ape status =		= Ape status =

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	[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]		[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

	= Threats =		= Threats =

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	[[Threats]]		[[Threats]]

	= Conservation activities =		= Conservation activities =

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	[[Conservation activities]]		[[Conservation activities]]

	= Challenges =		= Challenges =

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	[[Challenges]]		[[Challenges]]

	= Enablers =		= Enablers =

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	[[Enablers]]		[[Enablers]]

	= Research activities =		= Research activities =



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	[[Behaviours]]		[[Behaviours]]

	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

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	\|}		\|}


			<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Tonkoli_FR.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly inTonkoli Forest Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Tonkoli_FR.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly inTonkoli Forest Reserve]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =

WikiEdit at 08:18, 31 October 2025

2025-10-31T08:18:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:18, 31 October 2025
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	\|-		\|-
	\|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)		\|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
	\|34.~~299999999999997~~		\|34.3
	\|37.6		\|37.6
	\|38.5		\|38.5
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	\|Wildfire		\|Wildfire
	\|30		\|30
	\|0.~~55000000000000004~~		\|0.55
	\|30		\|30
	\|0.~~55000000000000004~~		\|0.55
	\|29		\|29
	\|0.~~56999999999999995~~		\|0.57
	\|29		\|29
	\|0.~~56999999999999995~~		\|0.57
	\|}		\|}