Usala Forest - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:55, 15 October 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 17:55, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R01865"></span>Nixon, S., Kaghoma, C. & Vyalengerera, M. (2015). The status of Grauer’s gorilla in the Usala Forest. Gorilla Journal (Journal of Berggorilla and Regenwald Direkthilfe) 50. [https://berggorilla.org/en/home/news-archive/article-view/the-status-of-grauers-gorilla-in-the-usala-forest link]		<span id="R01865"></span>Nixon, S., Kaghoma, C. & Vyalengerera, M. (2015). The status of Grauer’s gorilla in the Usala Forest. Gorilla Journal (Journal of Berggorilla and Regenwald Direkthilfe) 50. [https://berggorilla.org/en/home/news-archive/article-view/the-status-of-grauers-gorilla-in-the-usala-forest link]

	<span id="R02335"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02335"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2020-12-29		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2020-12-29

WikiEdit at 14:36, 15 October 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:36, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R01865"></span>Nixon, S., Kaghoma, C. & Vyalengerera, M. (2015). The status of Grauer’s gorilla in the Usala Forest. Gorilla Journal (Journal of Berggorilla and Regenwald Direkthilfe) 50. [https://berggorilla.org/en/home/news-archive/article-view/the-status-of-grauers-gorilla-in-the-usala-forest link]		<span id="R01865"></span>Nixon, S., Kaghoma, C. & Vyalengerera, M. (2015). The status of Grauer’s gorilla in the Usala Forest. Gorilla Journal (Journal of Berggorilla and Regenwald Direkthilfe) 50. [https://berggorilla.org/en/home/news-archive/article-view/the-status-of-grauers-gorilla-in-the-usala-forest link]

	<span id="R02335"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02335"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2020-12-29		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2020-12-29

WikiEdit at 19:13, 14 October 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 15:13, 14 October 2026
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	<span id="R01864"></span>Kümpel, N. F., Quinn, A., Queslin, E., Grange, S., Mallon, D. & Mapilanga, J-J. (2015). Okapi (Okapia johnstoni): Conservation Strategy and Status Review. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN and Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN). pp. 58		<span id="R01864"></span>Kümpel, N. F., Quinn, A., Queslin, E., Grange, S., Mallon, D. & Mapilanga, J-J. (2015). Okapi (Okapia johnstoni): Conservation Strategy and Status Review. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN and Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN). pp. 58

	<span id="R01865"></span>Nixon, S., Kaghoma, C. & Vyalengerera, M. (2015). The status of Grauer’s gorilla in the Usala Forest. Gorilla Journal (Journal of Berggorilla and Regenwald Direkthilfe) 50.		<span id="R01865"></span>Nixon, S., Kaghoma, C. & Vyalengerera, M. (2015). The status of Grauer’s gorilla in the Usala Forest. Gorilla Journal (Journal of Berggorilla and Regenwald Direkthilfe) 50. [https://berggorilla.org/en/home/news-archive/article-view/the-status-of-grauers-gorilla-in-the-usala-forest link]

	<span id="R02335"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02335"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

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← Older revision		Revision as of 16:31, 12 October 2026
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	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =

	Usala forest lies to the east of [[Maiko National Park]], in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is among the most remote, intact, and inaccessible blocks of tropical rainforest remaining in Africa (Kümpel et al. 2015). The site is also important for the conservation of okapis (Kümpel et al. 2015).		Usala forest lies to the east of [[Maiko National Park]], in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is among the most remote, intact, and inaccessible blocks of tropical rainforest remaining in Africa ([[#R01864\|Kümpel et al. 2015]]). The site is also important for the conservation of okapis ([[#R01864\|Kümpel et al. 2015]]).

	'''Table 1. Basic site information for Usala Forest'''		'''Table 1. Basic site information for Usala Forest'''
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	= Ape status =		= Ape status =

	Survey results suggest that between 2007 and 2014, the gorilla population in Usala remained relatively stable (Nixon et al. 2015).		Survey results suggest that between 2007 and 2014, the gorilla population in Usala remained relatively stable ([[#R01865\|Nixon et al. 2015]]).

	'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Usala Forest'''		'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Usala Forest'''
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	\|Reconnaissance walk		\|Reconnaissance walk
	\|		\|
	\|Nixon et al. 2015		\|[[#R01865\|Nixon et al. 2015]]
	\|Survey effort: 200 km. 28 nest sites were encountered.		\|Survey effort: 200 km. 28 nest sites were encountered.
	\|		\|
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	\|Reconnaissance walk		\|Reconnaissance walk
	\|		\|
	\|Nixon et al. 2015		\|[[#R01865\|Nixon et al. 2015]]
	\|Assessment led by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International. 34 nest sites and large gorilla groups were encountered. Abundance estimate is tentative. Survey effort: 240 km.		\|Assessment led by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International. 34 nest sites and large gorilla groups were encountered. Abundance estimate is tentative. Survey effort: 240 km.
	\|		\|
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	\|3.2 Mining & quarrying		\|3.2 Mining & quarrying
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Presence of armed groups involved in illegal mining activities (Kümpel et al. 2015).		\|Presence of armed groups involved in illegal mining activities ([[#R01864\|Kümpel et al. 2015]]).
	\|Ongoing (2015)		\|Ongoing (2015)
	\|}		\|}
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	= Challenges =		= Challenges =

	Widespread presence of armed groups and illegal mining operations present serious challenges for the implementation of conservation activities (Kümpel et al. 2015).		Widespread presence of armed groups and illegal mining operations present serious challenges for the implementation of conservation activities ([[#R01864\|Kümpel et al. 2015]]).

	'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Usala Forest'''		'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Usala Forest'''
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	\|6 Safety and stability		\|6 Safety and stability
	\|6.3 Civil unrest/war		\|6.3 Civil unrest/war
	\|Kümpel et al. 2015		\|[[#R01864\|Kümpel et al. 2015]]
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02335\|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02335\|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Usala Forest'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Usala Forest'''
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	= References =		= References =

	Kümpel, N. F., Quinn, A., Queslin, E., Grange, S., Mallon, D. & Mapilanga, J-J. (2015). Okapi (Okapia johnstoni): Conservation Strategy and Status Review. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN and Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN). pp. 58		<span id="R01864"></span>Kümpel, N. F., Quinn, A., Queslin, E., Grange, S., Mallon, D. & Mapilanga, J-J. (2015). Okapi (Okapia johnstoni): Conservation Strategy and Status Review. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN and Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN). pp. 58

	Nixon, S., Kaghoma, C. & Vyalengerera, M. (2015). The status of Grauer’s gorilla in the Usala Forest. Gorilla Journal (Journal of Berggorilla and Regenwald Direkthilfe) 50.		<span id="R01865"></span>Nixon, S., Kaghoma, C. & Vyalengerera, M. (2015). The status of Grauer’s gorilla in the Usala Forest. Gorilla Journal (Journal of Berggorilla and Regenwald Direkthilfe) 50.

			<span id="R02335"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2020-12-29		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2020-12-29

WikiEdit at 12:21, 3 September 2026

2026-09-03T12:21:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:21, 3 September 2026
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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Usala Forest'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Usala Forest'''

WikiEdit at 14:51, 1 September 2026

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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''		\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
	\|~~2007~~		\|2014
			\|Present
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	~~\|240-410~~		\|Usala Forest (340 km²)
	\|Usala Forest (~~850~~ km²)
	\|Reconnaissance walk		\|Reconnaissance walk
	\|		\|
	\|Nixon et al. 2015		\|Nixon et al. 2015
	\|~~Assessment led by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International~~. 34 nest sites ~~and large gorilla groups~~ were encountered~~. Abundance estimate is tentative. Survey effort: 240 km~~.		\|Survey effort: 200 km. 28 nest sites were encountered.
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''		\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
	\|~~2014~~		\|2007
	~~\|Present~~
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|Usala Forest (~~340~~ km²)		\|240-410
			\|Usala Forest (850 km²)
	\|Reconnaissance walk		\|Reconnaissance walk
	\|		\|
	\|Nixon et al. 2015		\|Nixon et al. 2015
	\|~~Survey effort: 200 km~~. 28 nest sites were encountered.		\|Assessment led by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International. 34 nest sites and large gorilla groups were encountered. Abundance estimate is tentative. Survey effort: 240 km.
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
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	= References =		= References =

			Kümpel, N. F., Quinn, A., Queslin, E., Grange, S., Mallon, D. & Mapilanga, J-J. (2015). Okapi (Okapia johnstoni): Conservation Strategy and Status Review. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN and Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN). pp. 58

	Nixon, S., Kaghoma, C. & Vyalengerera, M. (2015). The status of Grauer’s gorilla in the Usala Forest. Gorilla Journal (Journal of Berggorilla and Regenwald Direkthilfe) 50.		Nixon, S., Kaghoma, C. & Vyalengerera, M. (2015). The status of Grauer’s gorilla in the Usala Forest. Gorilla Journal (Journal of Berggorilla and Regenwald Direkthilfe) 50.

	Kümpel, N. F., Quinn, A., Queslin, E., Grange, S., Mallon, D. & Mapilanga, J-J. (2015). Okapi (Okapia johnstoni): Conservation Strategy and Status Review. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN and Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN). pp. 58



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2020-12-29		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2020-12-29

WikiEdit at 14:50, 25 March 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:50, 25 March 2026
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	* Important threats to great apes include illegal mining and the presence of armed groups.		* Important threats to great apes include illegal mining and the presence of armed groups.
	* Conservation activities are not documented.		* Conservation activities are not documented.

WikiEdit at 07:11, 6 November 2025

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← Older revision		Revision as of 03:11, 6 November 2025
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	<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Usala_Forest.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly ~~inUsala~~ Forest]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Usala_Forest.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly ~~inUsala~~ Forest]] </li></ul></div>		<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Usala_Forest.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly in Usala Forest]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Usala_Forest.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly in Usala Forest]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =

WikiEdit at 06:55, 6 November 2025

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← Older revision		Revision as of 02:55, 6 November 2025
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	* Important threats to great apes include illegal mining and the presence of armed groups.		* Important threats to great apes include illegal mining and the presence of armed groups.
	* Conservation activities are not documented.		* Conservation activities are not documented.



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	[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]		[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

	= Ape status =		= Ape status =

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	[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]		[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

	= Threats =		= Threats =

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	[[Threats]]		[[Threats]]

	= Conservation activities =		= Conservation activities =



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	[[Challenges]]		[[Challenges]]

	= Enablers =		= Enablers =

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	[[Enablers]]		[[Enablers]]

	= Research activities =		= Research activities =

	Nixon, S.C., Mufabule, K., Eliba, A. & Patule, I.M. 2007. A prospection survey of the Usala Forest and proposed Usala Community Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. Unpublished report submitted to DFGI, Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Goma, DRC. Available at http://fondationkumu.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/usalaprospection-2007.pdf		Nixon, S.C., Mufabule, K., Eliba, A. & Patule, I.M. 2007. A prospection survey of the Usala Forest and proposed Usala Community Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. Unpublished report submitted to DFGI, Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Goma, DRC. Available at http://fondationkumu.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/usalaprospection-2007.pdf


	= Documented behaviours =		= Documented behaviours =
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	[[Behaviours]]		[[Behaviours]]

	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

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	\|}		\|}


			<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Usala_Forest.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly inUsala Forest]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Usala_Forest.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly inUsala Forest]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =

WikiEdit at 08:18, 31 October 2025

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	\|7.1		\|7.1
	\|7.5		\|7.5
	\|8.~~3000000000000007~~		\|8.3
	\|8.1		\|8.1
	\|11.8		\|11.8
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	\|0.47		\|0.47
	\|29		\|29
	\|0.~~28000000000000003~~		\|0.28
	\|}		\|}