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[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Lomami National Park]]
[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Campo Ma'an National Park]]


'''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lomami_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lomami_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lomami_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lomami_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lomami_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
'''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Campo_Ma'an_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Campo_Ma'an_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Campo_Ma'an_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Campo_Ma'an_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Campo_Ma'an_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''


__TOC__
__TOC__
= Summary =
= Summary =


<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|-1.329433, 25.069388~[[Lomami National Park]]~''Pan paniscus''}}</div>
<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|2.389597, 10.206030~[[Campo Ma'an National Park]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Bonobos (''Pan paniscus'') are present in Lomami National Park.
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') and western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Campo Ma'an National Park.
* It has been estimated that 9,500 individuals occur in the park and its buffer area.
* In 2020, it was estimated that 718 gorillas and chimpanzees inhabit the site.
* The bonobo population trend is unknown.
* The great ape population trend is decreasing.
* The site has a total size of 8,879 km².
* The site has a total size of 2,641 km².
* Key threats to bonobos are hunting and habitat loss due to expansion of subsistence farming.
* Large infrastructure projects, extractives and agro-industries are putting enormous pressure on the park.
* Conservation activities have focused on biomonitoring, anti-poaching patrols, and community involvement.
* Conservation activities have focused on patrolling the area and habituation of gorillas to strengthen the potential for ecotourism.




= Site characteristics =
= Site characteristics =


Lomami National Park is situated in the Democratic Republic of Congo, between the rivers Tshuapa, Lomami, and Lualaba ([https://fzs.org/en/projects/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/lomami-national-park/?fbclid=IwAR395-GpOYa7-CrRX18COddTJ-iFnTr-y50TD3sqWBrmgDR54TZJxx_eqSI FZS]). The park was established in 2016, and it covers an area of nearly 9,000 km² and has a buffer zone of approximately 20,000 km². The region is covered by dense tropical rainforests, swamp forests and savannas (Batumike et al. 2020). The park is home to several endangered and rare or endemic species, including bonobos, forest elephants, giant pangolins, hippos, okapis, Congo peafowl, the recently discovered dryas monkey, and the Lesula monkey, discovered in the park in 2012 (Batumike et al. 2020, FZS).
Established in 2000, Campo Ma'an National Park is located in southwestern Cameroon, bordering Equatorial Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The vegetation consists largely of coastal evergreen rainforest. Several species of plants have beeen recently discovered, which may be endemic ([[#R00319|BirdLife International 2020]]). In addition to gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla'') and chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes''), other mammals found in the park include forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), and several species of primates, including mandrills (''Mandrillus sphinx''), and black colobus (''Colobus satanas''). The African manatee (''Trichechus senegalensis'') also occurs in the western part of the park. More than 165 species of fish have been recorded, of which four are endemic to Campo Ma'an. The park is also rich in reptiles (122 species recorded), and birds (200 species recorded in the site, and 100 species recorded in adjacent areas; [[#R00319|BirdLife International 2020]]). The park was designated as an Important Bird Area in 2001 ([[#R00319|BirdLife International 2020]]).Campo Ma’an National Park is surrounded by a buffer zone of several forest management units (Unités Techniques Opérationelles – UTOs), where commercial logging, agro-industrial expansion, and infrastructure projects have intensified since 2008, affecting wildlife abundance and connectivity ([[#R00327|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]])


'''Table 1. Basic site information for Lomami National Park'''
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|Species
|''Pan paniscus''
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|-
|Area
|Area
|8,879 km²
|2,641 km²
|-
|-
|Coordinates
|Coordinates
|Lat: -1.329433 , Lon:  25.069388
|Lat: 2.389597 , Lon:  10.206030
|-
|-
|Type of site
|Type of site
Line 34: Line 34:
|-
|-
|Habitat types
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
|-
|-
|Type of governance
|Type of governance
|
|Governance by government
|}
|}


Line 44: Line 44:
= Ape status =
= Ape status =


The Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation (ICCN) reported an estimated population of 9,500 individuals (5,800–13,700) in Lomami, including the surrounding buffer zone (IUCN & ICCN 2012).


'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Lomami National Park'''
 
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Species
Line 61: Line 61:
!A.P.E.S. database ID
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
|''Pan paniscus''
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2020
|
|
|
|718.0
|Campo Ma'an National Park
|Line transects & recces
|
|[[#R00327|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]]
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2014
|
|
|
|1472.0
|Campo Ma'an National Park
|Line transects
|
|[[#R00323|N'Goran 2017]]
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|2014
|
|
|1.01 (0.71-1.42)
|351 (250-495)
|Campo Ma'an National Park, Dipikar (348.34 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R00324|Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015]]
|
|CMR0021
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2014
|
|
|1.25 (0.70-2.23)
|436 (245-776)
|Campo Ma'an National Park, Dipikar (348.34 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R00324|Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015]]
|
|CMR0021
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2014
|
|
|1.99 (1.47-2.70)
|694 (513-940)
|Campo Ma'an National Park, Dipikar (348.34 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R00324|Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015]]
|
|CMR0021
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2014
|
|
|0.16 (0.08-0.31)
|369 (191-710)
|Campo Ma'an National Park, Nord (2,266.73 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R00324|Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015]]
|
|CMR0021
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|2014
|
|
|0.19 (0.11-0.34)
|440 (248-779)
|Campo Ma'an National Park, Nord (2,266.73 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R00324|Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015]]
|
|CMR0021
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2014
|
|
|0.22 (0.14-0.33)
|1,000 (661-1,514)
|Campo Ma'an National Park and surroundings (4,609.6 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R00324|Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015]]
|
|CMR0021
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|2014
|
|
|0.26 (0.20-0.35)
|1,220 (929-1,603)
|Campo Ma'an National Park and surroundings (4,609.6 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R00324|Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015]]
|
|CMR0021
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2014
|
|
|0.34 (0.21-0.55)
|778 (484-1,250)
|Campo Ma'an National Park, Nord (2,266.73 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R00324|Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015]]
|
|CMR0021
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2014
|
|
|0.48 (0.38-0.60)
|2,199 (1,736-2,786)
|Campo Ma'an National Park and surroundings (4,609.6 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R00324|Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015]]
|
|CMR0021
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2008
|
|
|
|1039.0
|Campo Ma'an National Park
|Line transects
|
|[[#R00323|N'Goran 2017]]
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|1997-2000
|
|
|0.20
|
|Campo forest
|Line transects
|
|[[#R00322|Matthews & Matthews 2004]]
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|1997-2000
|
|
|0.63-0.78
|
|Campo forest
|Line transects
|
|[[#R00322|Matthews & Matthews 2004]]
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|1997-2000
|
|
|0.8-1.0
|
|
|Ma'an forest
|Line transects
|
|
|[[#R00322|Matthews & Matthews 2004]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|1997-2000
|
|
|Lomami National Park
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Ma'an forest
|Line transects
|
|
|[[#R00322|Matthews & Matthews 2004]]
|Gorilla density was too low to allow an estimation.
|
|
|}
|}
Line 79: Line 274:
= Threats =
= Threats =


Based on village surveys around the park, there is a misconception about hunting in the buffer zone, as villagers often believe that they are allowed to hunt any species in the buffer zone, including bonobos (Batumike et al. 2020).
Areas immediately surrounding the park are being, or have been, logged ([[#R00319|BirdLife International 2020]]). Large infrastructure projects, extractives and agro-industries are putting enormous pressure on the park. They include the Kribi industrial port complex, the Memve’ele Hydropower Dam, the Mount Mammelles iron ore exploration project, the rubber plantation of Hévécam and SOCAPALM oil palm plantations, and the construction of a railway terminal to transport iron ore to the Kribi seaport ([https://wwf.panda.org/?325912/The-saving-of-Campo-Maan-National-Park WWF 2018]). There is a strong positive correlation between the number of development projects deployed near CMNP and the average number of poaching offences ([[#R00327|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]]).


'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Lomami National Park'''
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Category
Line 90: Line 285:
|-
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|2.1.3 Industrial farming (including palm oil)
|Present (unknown severity)
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Small-scale subsistence agriculture (cassava, maize and rice) (Batumike et al. 2020).
|The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation ([[#R00327|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]]). Expansion of palm oil plantations, since 2019 ([[#R00321|Djoko et al. 2022]]).
|2019-Ongoing (2025)
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2.1 Industrial mining
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation ([[#R00327|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]]).
|Ongoing (2020)
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present (unknown severity)
|Hunting pressure is relatively high, but it decreased by more than 50% from 2008 to 2014 ([[#R00323|N'Goran 2017]]). There are also reports that poaching of mammals increased in the park between 2011 and 2020 ([[#R00327|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]]).
|2008-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present (unknown severity)
|Logging activities in the forest management units reported ([[#R00321|Djoko et al. 2022]]).
|2019-Ongoing (2022)
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Hunting for subsistence, including bonobos and other species of conservation concern (Batumike et al. 2020).
|The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation ([[#R00327|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]]).
|Ongoing (2020)
|Ongoing (2020)
|}
|}
Line 106: Line 319:
= Conservation activities =
= Conservation activities =


In 2007, the first team set out to explore and document the region in and around the park. The data collected have been used to improve the protection of the park and gain a better understanding of the distribution of different species ([https://fzs.org/en/projects/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/lomami-national-park/ FZS]). In 2021, the ICCN and Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) signed a co-management agreement, which made FZS's Lomami Project leader the director of Lomami National Park.


'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Lomami National Park'''
 
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Category
Line 118: Line 331:
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Regular patrols conducted jointly by TL2 project staff (named after the rivers in the project area, Tshuapa, Lomami, and Lualaba) and Congolese Nature Conservation Institute (ICCN) rangers. During patrols, data on species diversity and distribution are also collected, as well as on the occurrence of illegal activities (FZS).
|Park guards conduct regular patrols to halt poaching and human encroachment ([[#R02023|WWF]], WWF 2008).
|African Wildlife Foundation, Antwerp Zoo Foundation, ICCN
|MINFOF (Campo Ma’an park team); WWF; AWF; local community patrols
|Ongoing (2022)
|2008-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site was declared a National Park in 2016.
|The site is a National Park.
|
|MINFOF
|2016-Ongoing (2026)
|2000-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|6 Species management
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
|6.1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers
|The Lomami Conservation Project offers sustainable income opportunities and helps involve the communities in the park development (FZS).
|[[#R02023|WWF]] supports a gorilla habituation programme. Gorilla Habituation Project in the southwest region of the National Park, as efforts to make gorillas tolerant to human presence for research and possibly ecotourism ([[#R00320|Collins 2022]]).
|
|WWF
|Ongoing (2022)
|2011-Ongoing (2022)
|}
|}


Line 141: Line 354:




'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Lomami National Park'''
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Challenges
Line 160: Line 373:




'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Lomami National Park'''
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Enablers
Line 173: Line 386:
|-
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
|
|[[#R00320|Collins 2022]]
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3 Engaged community
Line 202: Line 415:
= Research activities =
= Research activities =


In 2012, a new species of monkey, Cercopithecus lomamiensis, was discovered on the left bank of the Lomami River (FZS). The park harbours a remarkable diversity of mammals, and is also very rich in plant species- one new species of plant has also been found here, Xenostegia lomamiensis (FZS).
 




Line 209: Line 422:




'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Lomami National Park'''
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Category
Line 236: Line 449:
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
= Exposure to climate change impacts =


As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02169|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.


The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02169|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).


'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Lomami National Park'''
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Campo Ma'an National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!Value
Line 250: Line 463:
|-
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|Mean temperature [C]
|25.2
|25.1
|26.2
|26.1
|26.4
|26.4
|26.2
|27.5
|26.6
|27.7
|-
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1856
|3002
|1870
|3094
|1866
|3126
|1832
|3183
|1957
|3222
|-
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|9.8
|12.2
|15
|6.8
|15
|8.4
|17.4
|5.9
|13.8
|9.9
|-
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.9
|7
|9.6
|8.2
|8.5
|8.9
|9.9
|9.5
|12
|11.4
|}
|}




'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Lomami National Park'''
'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Campo Ma'an National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!Type
Line 292: Line 505:
|-
|-
|Crop failure
|Crop failure
|15.5
|5
|0
|0.01
|13.5
|4.5
|0
|0.01
|16.5
|5
|0.01
|21.5
|0.01
|0.01
|28.5
|0
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|Drought
|Drought
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|Heatwave
|Heatwave
|10
|8
|46.98
|100
|5
|7.5
|52.88
|100
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|11.5
|59.58
|100
|23
|17.5
|59.01
|100
|-
|-
|River flood
|River flood
|5
|2
|1.02
|1.12
|5.25
|2
|1.38
|1.91
|5
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|0.14
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|29
|25.75
|0.58
|0.14
|29
|28
|0.43
|0.23
|}
|}




<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Lomami_NP.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Lomami National Park]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Lomami_NP.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Lomami National Park]] </li></ul></div>
<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Campo-Ma_an_NP.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Campo Ma'an National Park]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Campo-Ma_an_NP.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Campo Ma'an National Park]] </li></ul></div>


= External links =
= External links =


[https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/ Kudu-Zombo Programme]
= References =
<span id="R00319"></span>BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Campo Ma'an complex. Retrieved November 25, 2020, from http://www.birdlife.org


<span id="R00320"></span>Collins, E. (2022). Occupancy and activity of sympatric central chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in a multi-use landscape, Campo Ma’an Conservation Area, Southern Cameroon [Master’s thesis, Concordia University]. Spectrum Research Repository. https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/id/eprint/991723/


= References =
<span id="R00321"></span>Djoko, I. B., Weladji, R. B., Granados, A., Paré, P., & Body, G. (2022). Fruit Availability Influences Forest Elephant Habitat Use in a Human Dominated Landscape, Campo-Ma’an, Southern Cameroon. ''Tropical Conservation Science'', 15, 1-12. [https://doi.org/10.1177/19400829221117053 doi:10.1177/19400829221117053]
 
<span id="R00322"></span>Matthews, A., & Matthews, A. (2004). Survey of gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) and chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes troglodytes ) in Southwestern Cameroon. ''Primates'', 45(1), 15-24. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-003-0058-4 doi:10.1007/s10329-003-0058-4]
 
<span id="R00323"></span>N’Goran, K. P. (2017). Summary report on WWF biomonitoring activities from 2014 to 2016: Status of forest elephant and great apes in Central Africa priority sites.
 
<span id="R00324"></span>Nzooh Dongmo, Z., N'Goran, K. P., Fondja, C., & Nkono, J. (2015). EVALUATION DE LA DYNAMIQUE DES POPULATIONS DE GRANDS ET MOYENS MAMMIFERES DANS LE DOMAINE FORESTIER PERMANENT DE L’UNITE TECHNIQUE OPERATIONNELLE CAMPO MA’AN. WWF Regional Office for Africa and MINFOF, Service de Conservation du Parc National de Campo Ma’an.
 
<span id="R00325"></span>World Wide Fund for Nature. (2008). Biological assessment of Campo Ma’an National Park, South Cameroon. WWF Cameroon Programme Office. https://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/kz_3_anglais_final.pdf
 
<span id="R00326"></span>World Wide Fund for Nature. (2018). The saving of Campo Ma’an National Park. https://wwf.panda.org/?325912/The-saving-of-Campo-Maan-National-Park
 
<span id="R00327"></span>Zo'obo Engolo, G. M., Yaouba, B., Mbog Mbog, S., Ngoko, P. P., Memvi Abessolo, C. I., & Bitondo, D. (2025). Assessing the Impact of Development Projects on Wildlife Abundance in Campo-Ma’an National Park, Southern Cameroon, from 2008 to 2020. ''Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences'', 7(9), 106-123. [https://doi.org/10.30564/jees.v7i9.10974 doi:10.30564/jees.v7i9.10974]


<span id="R01104"></span>Batumike, R., Imani, G., Urom, C., & Cuni-Sanchez, A. (2021). Bushmeat hunting around Lomami National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Oryx, 55(3), 421-431. doi:10.1017/S0030605319001017
<span id="R02169"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]


<span id="R01105"></span>Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS). (n.d.). Lomami National Park. Online: https://fzs.org/en/projects/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/lomami-national-park/
<span id="R02023"></span>WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/


<span id="R01106"></span>IUCN, & ICCN (2012). Bonobo (Pan paniscus): Conservation Strategy 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group & Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature. [http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/pdf/Bonobo_Conservation_Strategy.pdf link]




'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2020-12-06


'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-03-25
'''Page updated by: '''Onella Mundi''' Date:''' 2025-10-10

Latest revision as of 13:03, 12 October 2026

Central Africa > Cameroon > Campo Ma'an National Park

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Summary

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  • Central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are present in Campo Ma'an National Park.
  • In 2020, it was estimated that 718 gorillas and chimpanzees inhabit the site.
  • The great ape population trend is decreasing.
  • The site has a total size of 2,641 km².
  • Large infrastructure projects, extractives and agro-industries are putting enormous pressure on the park.
  • Conservation activities have focused on patrolling the area and habituation of gorillas to strengthen the potential for ecotourism.


Site characteristics

Established in 2000, Campo Ma'an National Park is located in southwestern Cameroon, bordering Equatorial Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The vegetation consists largely of coastal evergreen rainforest. Several species of plants have beeen recently discovered, which may be endemic (BirdLife International 2020). In addition to gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), other mammals found in the park include forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis), and several species of primates, including mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), and black colobus (Colobus satanas). The African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis) also occurs in the western part of the park. More than 165 species of fish have been recorded, of which four are endemic to Campo Ma'an. The park is also rich in reptiles (122 species recorded), and birds (200 species recorded in the site, and 100 species recorded in adjacent areas; BirdLife International 2020). The park was designated as an Important Bird Area in 2001 (BirdLife International 2020).Campo Ma’an National Park is surrounded by a buffer zone of several forest management units (Unités Techniques Opérationelles – UTOs), where commercial logging, agro-industrial expansion, and infrastructure projects have intensified since 2008, affecting wildlife abundance and connectivity (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025)

Table 1. Basic site information for Campo Ma'an National Park

Species Pan troglodytes troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla gorilla
Area 2,641 km²
Coordinates Lat: 2.389597 , Lon: 10.206030
Type of site Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
Type of governance Governance by government

Types of sites Governance types Habitat types

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Campo Ma'an National Park

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2020 718.0 Campo Ma'an National Park Line transects & recces Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025
Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2014 1472.0 Campo Ma'an National Park Line transects N'Goran 2017
Pan troglodytes troglodytes 2014 1.01 (0.71-1.42) 351 (250-495) Campo Ma'an National Park, Dipikar (348.34 km²) Line transects Distance sampling with survey specific decay time Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015 CMR0021
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2014 1.25 (0.70-2.23) 436 (245-776) Campo Ma'an National Park, Dipikar (348.34 km²) Line transects Distance sampling with survey specific decay time Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015 CMR0021
Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2014 1.99 (1.47-2.70) 694 (513-940) Campo Ma'an National Park, Dipikar (348.34 km²) Line transects Distance sampling with survey specific decay time Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015 CMR0021
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2014 0.16 (0.08-0.31) 369 (191-710) Campo Ma'an National Park, Nord (2,266.73 km²) Line transects Distance sampling with survey specific decay time Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015 CMR0021
Pan troglodytes troglodytes 2014 0.19 (0.11-0.34) 440 (248-779) Campo Ma'an National Park, Nord (2,266.73 km²) Line transects Distance sampling with survey specific decay time Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015 CMR0021
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2014 0.22 (0.14-0.33) 1,000 (661-1,514) Campo Ma'an National Park and surroundings (4,609.6 km²) Line transects Distance sampling with survey specific decay time Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015 CMR0021
Pan troglodytes troglodytes 2014 0.26 (0.20-0.35) 1,220 (929-1,603) Campo Ma'an National Park and surroundings (4,609.6 km²) Line transects Distance sampling with survey specific decay time Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015 CMR0021
Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2014 0.34 (0.21-0.55) 778 (484-1,250) Campo Ma'an National Park, Nord (2,266.73 km²) Line transects Distance sampling with survey specific decay time Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015 CMR0021
Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2014 0.48 (0.38-0.60) 2,199 (1,736-2,786) Campo Ma'an National Park and surroundings (4,609.6 km²) Line transects Distance sampling with survey specific decay time Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015 CMR0021
Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2008 1039.0 Campo Ma'an National Park Line transects N'Goran 2017
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 1997-2000 0.20 Campo forest Line transects Matthews & Matthews 2004
Pan troglodytes troglodytes 1997-2000 0.63-0.78 Campo forest Line transects Matthews & Matthews 2004
Pan troglodytes troglodytes 1997-2000 0.8-1.0 Ma'an forest Line transects Matthews & Matthews 2004
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 1997-2000 Ma'an forest Line transects Matthews & Matthews 2004 Gorilla density was too low to allow an estimation.

Sampling methods Analytical frameworks

Threats

Areas immediately surrounding the park are being, or have been, logged (BirdLife International 2020). Large infrastructure projects, extractives and agro-industries are putting enormous pressure on the park. They include the Kribi industrial port complex, the Memve’ele Hydropower Dam, the Mount Mammelles iron ore exploration project, the rubber plantation of Hévécam and SOCAPALM oil palm plantations, and the construction of a railway terminal to transport iron ore to the Kribi seaport (WWF 2018). There is a strong positive correlation between the number of development projects deployed near CMNP and the average number of poaching offences (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Campo Ma'an National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1.3 Industrial farming (including palm oil) High (more than 70% of population affected) The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025). Expansion of palm oil plantations, since 2019 (Djoko et al. 2022). 2019-Ongoing (2025)
3 Energy production & mining 3.2.1 Industrial mining High (more than 70% of population affected) The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025). Ongoing (2020)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present (unknown severity) Hunting pressure is relatively high, but it decreased by more than 50% from 2008 to 2014 (N'Goran 2017). There are also reports that poaching of mammals increased in the park between 2011 and 2020 (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025). 2008-Ongoing (2020)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Present (unknown severity) Logging activities in the forest management units reported (Djoko et al. 2022). 2019-Ongoing (2022)
7 Natural system modifications 7.2 Dams & water management/use High (more than 70% of population affected) The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025). Ongoing (2020)

Threats

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Campo Ma'an National Park

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Park guards conduct regular patrols to halt poaching and human encroachment (WWF, WWF 2008). MINFOF (Campo Ma’an park team); WWF; AWF; local community patrols 2008-Ongoing (2020)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat The site is a National Park. MINFOF 2000-Ongoing (2026)
6 Species management 6.1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers WWF supports a gorilla habituation programme. Gorilla Habituation Project in the southwest region of the National Park, as efforts to make gorillas tolerant to human presence for research and possibly ecotourism (Collins 2022). WWF 2011-Ongoing (2022)

Conservation activities

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Campo Ma'an National Park

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
Not reported

Challenges

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Campo Ma'an National Park

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity 2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources Collins 2022 Ongoing (2022)
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Enablers

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Campo Ma'an National Park

Category Behavior Observation type Prevalence Observation dates Source Habituation Species Comment
Not reported

Behaviours

Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Campo Ma'an National Park

Value 1981-2010 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [C] 25.1 26.2 26.1 26.4 27.5
Annual precipitation [mm] 3002 3094 3126 3183 3222
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) 12.2 6.8 8.4 5.9 9.9
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) 7 8.2 8.9 9.5 11.4


Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Campo Ma'an National Park

Type No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure 5 0.01 4.5 0.01 5 0.01 21.5 0.01
Drought 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heatwave 8 100 7.5 100 11.5 100 17.5 100
River flood 2 1.12 2 1.91 1 0.77 4.5 0.14
Tropical cyclone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wildfire 26.75 0.15 28 0.21 25.75 0.14 28 0.23


  • Precipitation anomaly in Campo Ma'an National Park
  • Temperature anomaly in Campo Ma'an National Park

External links

Kudu-Zombo Programme

References

BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Campo Ma'an complex. Retrieved November 25, 2020, from http://www.birdlife.org

Collins, E. (2022). Occupancy and activity of sympatric central chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in a multi-use landscape, Campo Ma’an Conservation Area, Southern Cameroon [Master’s thesis, Concordia University]. Spectrum Research Repository. https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/id/eprint/991723/

Djoko, I. B., Weladji, R. B., Granados, A., Paré, P., & Body, G. (2022). Fruit Availability Influences Forest Elephant Habitat Use in a Human Dominated Landscape, Campo-Ma’an, Southern Cameroon. Tropical Conservation Science, 15, 1-12. doi:10.1177/19400829221117053

Matthews, A., & Matthews, A. (2004). Survey of gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) and chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes troglodytes ) in Southwestern Cameroon. Primates, 45(1), 15-24. doi:10.1007/s10329-003-0058-4

N’Goran, K. P. (2017). Summary report on WWF biomonitoring activities from 2014 to 2016: Status of forest elephant and great apes in Central Africa priority sites.

Nzooh Dongmo, Z., N'Goran, K. P., Fondja, C., & Nkono, J. (2015). EVALUATION DE LA DYNAMIQUE DES POPULATIONS DE GRANDS ET MOYENS MAMMIFERES DANS LE DOMAINE FORESTIER PERMANENT DE L’UNITE TECHNIQUE OPERATIONNELLE CAMPO MA’AN. WWF Regional Office for Africa and MINFOF, Service de Conservation du Parc National de Campo Ma’an.

World Wide Fund for Nature. (2008). Biological assessment of Campo Ma’an National Park, South Cameroon. WWF Cameroon Programme Office. https://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/kz_3_anglais_final.pdf

World Wide Fund for Nature. (2018). The saving of Campo Ma’an National Park. https://wwf.panda.org/?325912/The-saving-of-Campo-Maan-National-Park

Zo'obo Engolo, G. M., Yaouba, B., Mbog Mbog, S., Ngoko, P. P., Memvi Abessolo, C. I., & Bitondo, D. (2025). Assessing the Impact of Development Projects on Wildlife Abundance in Campo-Ma’an National Park, Southern Cameroon, from 2008 to 2020. Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences, 7(9), 106-123. doi:10.30564/jees.v7i9.10974

Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345. doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345

WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/


Page created by: APES Atlas Team Date: 2020-12-06

Page updated by: Onella Mundi Date: 2025-10-10

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