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[[West Africa]] > [[Nigeria]] > [[Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary]]
[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Campo Ma'an National Park]]


'''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Afi_Mountain_Wildlife_Sanctuary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Afi_Mountain_Wildlife_Sanctuary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Afi_Mountain_Wildlife_Sanctuary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Afi_Mountain_Wildlife_Sanctuary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Afi_Mountain_Wildlife_Sanctuary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
'''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Campo_Ma'an_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Campo_Ma'an_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Campo_Ma'an_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Campo_Ma'an_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Campo_Ma'an_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''


__TOC__
__TOC__
= Summary =
= Summary =


<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|6.311318928189273, 8.990745590209793~[[Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary]]~''Pan troglodytes ellioti'', ''Gorilla gorilla diehli''}}</div>
<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|2.389597, 10.206030~[[Campo Ma'an National Park]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') & Cross river gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla diehli'') are present in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary.
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') and western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Campo Ma'an National Park.
* The population sizes are unknown.
* In 2020, it was estimated that 718 gorillas and chimpanzees inhabit the site.
* The great ape population trend is unknown.
* The great ape population trend is decreasing.
* Hunting and farm encroachment are major forms of human disturbance in addition to occasional bushfires.
* The site has a total size of 2,641 km².
* WCS conducts several conservation activities at the site, including awareness activities and supporting patrols.
* Large infrastructure projects, extractives and agro-industries are putting enormous pressure on the park.
* Conservation activities have focused on patrolling the area and habituation of gorillas to strengthen the potential for ecotourism.




= Site characteristics =
= Site characteristics =


Other sympatric primate species include the endangered white-throated guenon (Cercopithecus erythrogaster), the Nigeria mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona).
Established in 2000, Campo Ma'an National Park is located in southwestern Cameroon, bordering Equatorial Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The vegetation consists largely of coastal evergreen rainforest. Several species of plants have beeen recently discovered, which may be endemic ([[#R00319|BirdLife International 2020]]). In addition to gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla'') and chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes''), other mammals found in the park include forest elephants (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), and several species of primates, including mandrills (''Mandrillus sphinx''), and black colobus (''Colobus satanas''). The African manatee (''Trichechus senegalensis'') also occurs in the western part of the park. More than 165 species of fish have been recorded, of which four are endemic to Campo Ma'an. The park is also rich in reptiles (122 species recorded), and birds (200 species recorded in the site, and 100 species recorded in adjacent areas; [[#R00319|BirdLife International 2020]]). The park was designated as an Important Bird Area in 2001 ([[#R00319|BirdLife International 2020]]).Campo Ma’an National Park is surrounded by a buffer zone of several forest management units (Unités Techniques Opérationelles – UTOs), where commercial logging, agro-industrial expansion, and infrastructure projects have intensified since 2008, affecting wildlife abundance and connectivity ([[#R00327|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]])


'''Table 1. Basic site information for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary'''
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti'', ''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|-
|Area
|Area
|104 km²
|2,641 km²
|-
|-
|Coordinates
|Coordinates
|Lat: 6.311318928189273 , Lon:  8.990745590209793
|Lat: 2.389597 , Lon:  10.206030
|-
|-
|Type of site
|Type of site
|Protected area (Wildlife Sanctuary)
|Protected area (National Park)
|-
|-
|Habitat types
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Rocky areas (inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
|-
|-
|Type of governance
|Type of governance
Line 40: Line 41:


[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]  
[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]  
= Ape status =
= Ape status =






'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary'''
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Species
Line 59: Line 61:
!A.P.E.S. database ID
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2017
|2020
|Present
|
|
|
|718.0
|Campo Ma'an National Park
|Line transects & recces
|
|[[#R00327|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]]
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2014
|
|
|
|1472.0
|Campo Ma'an National Park
|Line transects
|
|[[#R00323|N'Goran 2017]]
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|2014
|
|
|1.01 (0.71-1.42)
|351 (250-495)
|Campo Ma'an National Park, Dipikar (348.34 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R00324|Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015]]
|
|CMR0021
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2014
|
|
|1.25 (0.70-2.23)
|436 (245-776)
|Campo Ma'an National Park, Dipikar (348.34 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R00324|Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015]]
|
|CMR0021
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2014
|
|
|1.99 (1.47-2.70)
|694 (513-940)
|Campo Ma'an National Park, Dipikar (348.34 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R00324|Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015]]
|
|CMR0021
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2014
|
|
|0.16 (0.08-0.31)
|369 (191-710)
|Campo Ma'an National Park, Nord (2,266.73 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R00324|Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015]]
|
|CMR0021
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|2014
|
|
|0.19 (0.11-0.34)
|440 (248-779)
|Campo Ma'an National Park, Nord (2,266.73 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R00324|Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015]]
|
|CMR0021
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2014
|
|
|0.22 (0.14-0.33)
|1,000 (661-1,514)
|Campo Ma'an National Park and surroundings (4,609.6 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R00324|Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015]]
|
|CMR0021
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|2014
|
|
|0.26 (0.20-0.35)
|1,220 (929-1,603)
|Campo Ma'an National Park and surroundings (4,609.6 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R00324|Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015]]
|
|CMR0021
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2014
|
|
|0.34 (0.21-0.55)
|778 (484-1,250)
|Campo Ma'an National Park, Nord (2,266.73 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R00324|Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015]]
|
|CMR0021
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2014
|
|
|0.48 (0.38-0.60)
|2,199 (1,736-2,786)
|Campo Ma'an National Park and surroundings (4,609.6 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R00324|Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015]]
|
|CMR0021
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2008
|
|
|
|
|
|1039.0
|Campo Ma'an National Park
|Line transects
|
|
|Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary
|[[#R00323|N'Goran 2017]]
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|
|[[#R00003|Mengnjo & Imong 2017]]
|Only nest sites/km (0.049) and sightings/km (0.0012) reported
|
|
|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2017
|1997-2000
|Present
|
|
|
|
|0.20
|
|
|Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary
|Campo forest
|Reconnaissance walk
|Line transects
|
|[[#R00322|Matthews & Matthews 2004]]
|
|
|[[#R00003|Mengnjo & Imong 2017]]
|Only nest sites/km (0.006) and sightings/km (0) reported
|
|
|-
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|2009
|1997-2000
|
|
|
|
|0.63-0.78
|
|
|25-35
|Campo forest
|Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary
|Line transects
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|
|[[#R00002|Imong, Wood & Dunn 2010]]
|[[#R00322|Matthews & Matthews 2004]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|2009
|1997-2000
|Present
|
|
|
|
|0.8-1.0
|
|
|Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary
|Ma'an forest
|Reconnaissance walk
|Line transects
|
|
|[[#R00002|Imong, Wood & Dunn 2010]]
|[[#R00322|Matthews & Matthews 2004]]
|Two small chimpanzee groups present.
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|1997-2000
|
|
|
|
|Ma'an forest
|Line transects
|
|[[#R00322|Matthews & Matthews 2004]]
|Gorilla density was too low to allow an estimation.
|
|
|}
|}


[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]  
[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]  
= Threats =
= Threats =


Areas immediately surrounding the park are being, or have been, logged ([[#R00319|BirdLife International 2020]]). Large infrastructure projects, extractives and agro-industries are putting enormous pressure on the park. They include the Kribi industrial port complex, the Memve’ele Hydropower Dam, the Mount Mammelles iron ore exploration project, the rubber plantation of Hévécam and SOCAPALM oil palm plantations, and the construction of a railway terminal to transport iron ore to the Kribi seaport ([https://wwf.panda.org/?325912/The-saving-of-Campo-Maan-National-Park WWF 2018]). There is a strong positive correlation between the number of development projects deployed near CMNP and the average number of poaching offences ([[#R00327|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]]).


 
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Category
Line 125: Line 284:
!Year of threat
!Year of threat
|-
|-
|10 Geological events
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|10.3 Avalanches/landslides
|2.1.3 Industrial farming (including palm oil)
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|In July 2012, severe of at least 50 landslides damaged large patches of land at Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary ([https://www.berggorilla.org/en/home/news-archive/article-view/landslides-hit-afi-sanctuary/ Berggorilla]).
|The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation ([[#R00327|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]]). Expansion of palm oil plantations, since 2019 ([[#R00321|Djoko et al. 2022]]).
|2012
|2019-Ongoing (2025)
|-
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|3 Energy production & mining
|2.1.2 Small-holder farming
|3.2.1 Industrial mining
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|At least 1,000 illegal farms (cocoa and bananas) inside the sanctuary destroy available habitat for Cross River gorillas and other key species. Farming outside the sanctuary threatens the viability of the habitat corridor between Afi and Mbe Mountains ([[#R00003|WCS website, Mengnjo & Imong, 2017]]).
|The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation ([[#R00327|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]]).
|2017-Ongoing (2024)
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1.2 Unintentional effects
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Present (unknown severity)
|Illegal hunting is widespread within the wildlife sanctuary, particularly the setting of wire snares to catch smaller animals such as rock hyrax ([[#R00003|WCS website, Mengnjo & Imong, 2017]]).
|Hunting pressure is relatively high, but it decreased by more than 50% from 2008 to 2014 ([[#R00323|N'Goran 2017]]). There are also reports that poaching of mammals increased in the park between 2011 and 2020 ([[#R00327|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]]).
|1996-Ongoing (2024)
|2008-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present (unknown severity)
|Logging activities in the forest management units reported ([[#R00321|Djoko et al. 2022]]).
|2019-Ongoing (2022)
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|In addition to farming, logging outside the sanctuary threatens the viability of the habitat corridor between Afi and Mbe Mountains ([[#R00001|Bukie et al., 2021]], [[#R00003|WCS website, Mengnjo & Imong, 2017]]).
|The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation ([[#R00327|Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025]]).
|2017-Ongoing (2024)
|Ongoing (2020)
|}
|}


[[Threats]]  
[[Threats]]  
= Conservation activities =
= Conservation activities =






'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary'''
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Category
Line 164: Line 330:
|-
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Gorilla monitoring using CyberTracker/SMART.
|Park guards conduct regular patrols to halt poaching and human encroachment ([[#R02023|WWF]], WWF 2008).
|Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society
|MINFOF (Campo Ma’an park team); WWF; AWF; local community patrols
|2011-Ongoing (2024)
|2008-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|WCS trains farmers from Afi in bee keeping and African giant snail rearing as an alternative income source of income.
|Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.7 Provide better equipment (e.g., guns) to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|WCS provides essential field equipment to ranger patrols.
|Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|WCS provides training ranger in SMART-based patrolling.
|Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|WCS provides conservation education and raises awareness within the communities surrounding Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary (27 school conservation clubs, field trips, exchange visits).
|Wildlife Conservation Society
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
|WCS employs local communities around Afi as ‘gorilla guardians’ to help protect gorillas that exited the sanctuary.
|Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
|WCS outreach program uses radio drama and film shows to spread conservation messages around Afi.
|Wildlife Conservation Society
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|Created by Cross River State Government.
|The site is a National Park.
|Cross River State Forestry Commission
|MINFOF
|2000-Ongoing (2026)
|2000-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|6 Species management
|5.6 Habitat restoration
|6.1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers
|Restoration of the degraded Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary in Buanchor, Boki.
|[[#R02023|WWF]] supports a gorilla habituation programme. Gorilla Habituation Project in the southwest region of the National Park, as efforts to make gorillas tolerant to human presence for research and possibly ecotourism ([[#R00320|Collins 2022]]).
|Cross River State Forestry Commission, Life Empowerment Foundation
|WWF
|2021-2022
|2011-Ongoing (2022)
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
|WCS employs local communities around Afi as ‘gorilla guardians’ to help protect gorillas that exited the sanctuary.
|Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|8 Permanent presence
|8.1 Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
|WCS has supported conservation and research at Afi since 1996.
|Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society
|1996-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|8 Permanent presence
|8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
|
|Cross River State Forestry Commission
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|}
|}


[[Conservation activities]]  
[[Conservation activities]]  
= Challenges =
= Challenges =






'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary'''
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Challenges
Line 248: Line 361:
!Year(s)
!Year(s)
|-
|-
|1 Site management
|
|1.1 Need for improved leadership
|Not reported
|[https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Afi-Mountain-Wildlife-Sanctuary.aspx WCS]
|
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.4 Lack of continuous/long-term funding
|[https://news.mongabay.com/2020/07/for-the-worlds-rarest-gorillas-a-troubled-sanctuary/ Unah 2020]
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|[https://news.mongabay.com/2020/07/for-the-worlds-rarest-gorillas-a-troubled-sanctuary/ Unah 2020]
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.2 Lack of government support
|[https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Afi-Mountain-Wildlife-Sanctuary.aspx WCS]
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|}
|}


[[Challenges]]  
[[Challenges]]  
= Enablers =
= Enablers =






'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary'''
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Enablers
Line 282: Line 381:
|-
|-
|1 Site management
|1 Site management
|1.3 Adaptive management practices
|
|[https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Afi-Mountain-Wildlife-Sanctuary.aspx WCS]
|
|2011-Ongoing (2024)
|
|-
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
|[[#R00003|Mengnjo & Imong 2017]]; [https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Afi-Mountain-Wildlife-Sanctuary.aspx WCS]
|[[#R00320|Collins 2022]]
|1996-Ongoing (2024)
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3 Engaged community
|3.6 Local community engagement and support
|
|[https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Afi-Mountain-Wildlife-Sanctuary.aspx WCS]
|
|Ongoing (2024)
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}
|}


[[Enablers]]  
[[Enablers]]  
= Research activities =
= Research activities =


Cross River State Forestry Commission and Wildlife Conservation Society have been conducting research with various collaborators at the site since 1996. Research collaborators include among others University of Calabar, North Carolina Zoo in the US and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany.
 
 


= Documented behaviours =
= Documented behaviours =
Line 306: Line 422:




'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary'''
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Campo Ma'an National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Category
Line 330: Line 446:


[[Behaviours]]  
[[Behaviours]]  
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
= Exposure to climate change impacts =


As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02169|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.


The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02169|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).


'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary'''
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Campo Ma'an National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!Value
Line 346: Line 463:
|-
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|Mean temperature [C]
|26.6
|25.1
|27.7
|26.2
|26.1
|26.4
|27.5
|27.5
|27.8
|28.9
|-
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|2070
|3002
|2193
|3094
|2214
|3126
|2187
|3183
|2172
|3222
|-
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|40.9
|12.2
|41.8
|6.8
|44.5
|8.4
|43
|5.9
|48.4
|9.9
|-
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|4.8
|7
|4.9
|8.2
|5.5
|8.9
|5.3
|9.5
|6.6
|11.4
|}
|}




'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary'''
'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Campo Ma'an National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!Type
Line 389: Line 506:
|Crop failure
|Crop failure
|5
|5
|0.73
|0.01
|4.5
|4.5
|0.87
|0.01
|3
|5
|1.15
|0.01
|9.5
|21.5
|1.31
|0.01
|-
|-
|Drought
|Drought
Line 408: Line 525:
|-
|-
|Heatwave
|Heatwave
|7
|8
|100
|100
|7
|7.5
|100
|100
|4
|11.5
|100
|100
|6.5
|17.5
|100
|100
|-
|-
|River flood
|River flood
|2
|2
|5.48
|1.12
|2.5
|6.43
|2
|2
|4.39
|1.91
|3
|1
|5.65
|0.77
|4.5
|0.14
|-
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|Tropical cyclone
Line 438: Line 555:
|-
|-
|Wildfire
|Wildfire
|30
|26.75
|0.61
|0.15
|30
|28
|0.61
|0.21
|29
|25.75
|0.59
|0.14
|29
|28
|0.62
|0.23
|}
|}


<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Campo-Ma_an_NP.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Campo Ma'an National Park]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Campo-Ma_an_NP.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Campo Ma'an National Park]] </li></ul></div>


= External links =
= External links =


[https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/ Kudu-Zombo Programme]
= References =
<span id="R00319"></span>BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Campo Ma'an complex. Retrieved November 25, 2020, from http://www.birdlife.org
<span id="R00320"></span>Collins, E. (2022). Occupancy and activity of sympatric central chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in a multi-use landscape, Campo Ma’an Conservation Area, Southern Cameroon [Master’s thesis, Concordia University]. Spectrum Research Repository. https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/id/eprint/991723/
<span id="R00321"></span>Djoko, I. B., Weladji, R. B., Granados, A., Paré, P., & Body, G. (2022). Fruit Availability Influences Forest Elephant Habitat Use in a Human Dominated Landscape, Campo-Ma’an, Southern Cameroon. ''Tropical Conservation Science'', 15, 1-12. [https://doi.org/10.1177/19400829221117053 doi:10.1177/19400829221117053]
<span id="R00322"></span>Matthews, A., & Matthews, A. (2004). Survey of gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) and chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes troglodytes ) in Southwestern Cameroon. ''Primates'', 45(1), 15-24. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-003-0058-4 doi:10.1007/s10329-003-0058-4]
<span id="R00323"></span>N’Goran, K. P. (2017). Summary report on WWF biomonitoring activities from 2014 to 2016: Status of forest elephant and great apes in Central Africa priority sites.


<span id="R00324"></span>Nzooh Dongmo, Z., N'Goran, K. P., Fondja, C., & Nkono, J. (2015). EVALUATION DE LA DYNAMIQUE DES POPULATIONS DE GRANDS ET MOYENS MAMMIFERES DANS LE DOMAINE FORESTIER PERMANENT DE L’UNITE TECHNIQUE OPERATIONNELLE CAMPO MA’AN. WWF Regional Office for Africa and MINFOF, Service de Conservation du Parc National de Campo Ma’an.


= References =
<span id="R00325"></span>World Wide Fund for Nature. (2008). Biological assessment of Campo Ma’an National Park, South Cameroon. WWF Cameroon Programme Office. https://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/kz_3_anglais_final.pdf


<span id="R00001"></span>Bukie, J. O., Ityavyar, E. M., & Inah, E. I. (2021). Illegal logging: Big trees, abundance, distribution, Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary. Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, 13(3).
<span id="R00326"></span>World Wide Fund for Nature. (2018). The saving of Campo Ma’an National Park. https://wwf.panda.org/?325912/The-saving-of-Campo-Maan-National-Park


<span id="R00002"></span>Imong, I., Wood, K. L., & Dunn, A. (2010). Monitoring gorillas in Nigeria. Berggorilla & Regenwald Direkthilfe. https://www.berggorilla.org/en/home/news-archive/article-view/monitoring-gorillas-in-nigeria/
<span id="R00327"></span>Zo'obo Engolo, G. M., Yaouba, B., Mbog Mbog, S., Ngoko, P. P., Memvi Abessolo, C. I., & Bitondo, D. (2025). Assessing the Impact of Development Projects on Wildlife Abundance in Campo-Ma’an National Park, Southern Cameroon, from 2008 to 2020. ''Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences'', 7(9), 106-123. [https://doi.org/10.30564/jees.v7i9.10974 doi:10.30564/jees.v7i9.10974]


<span id="R00003"></span>Mengnjo, C., & Imong, I. (2017). Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary annual report: January–December, 2017. Cross-River State Ministry of Climate Change and Forestry.
<span id="R02169"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]


<span id="R00004"></span>Unah, L. (2020, July 13). For the world’s rarest gorillas, a troubled sanctuary. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/07/for-the-worlds-rarest-gorillas-a-troubled-sanctuary/
<span id="R02023"></span>WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/






'''Page created by: '''Winnie Eckardt''' Date:''' 2024-11-28 08:36:00
'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2020-12-06


'''Page updated by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2025-04-11
'''Page updated by: '''Onella Mundi''' Date:''' 2025-10-10

Latest revision as of 13:03, 12 October 2026

Central Africa > Cameroon > Campo Ma'an National Park

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Summary

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  • Central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are present in Campo Ma'an National Park.
  • In 2020, it was estimated that 718 gorillas and chimpanzees inhabit the site.
  • The great ape population trend is decreasing.
  • The site has a total size of 2,641 km².
  • Large infrastructure projects, extractives and agro-industries are putting enormous pressure on the park.
  • Conservation activities have focused on patrolling the area and habituation of gorillas to strengthen the potential for ecotourism.


Site characteristics

Established in 2000, Campo Ma'an National Park is located in southwestern Cameroon, bordering Equatorial Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The vegetation consists largely of coastal evergreen rainforest. Several species of plants have beeen recently discovered, which may be endemic (BirdLife International 2020). In addition to gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), other mammals found in the park include forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis), and several species of primates, including mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), and black colobus (Colobus satanas). The African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis) also occurs in the western part of the park. More than 165 species of fish have been recorded, of which four are endemic to Campo Ma'an. The park is also rich in reptiles (122 species recorded), and birds (200 species recorded in the site, and 100 species recorded in adjacent areas; BirdLife International 2020). The park was designated as an Important Bird Area in 2001 (BirdLife International 2020).Campo Ma’an National Park is surrounded by a buffer zone of several forest management units (Unités Techniques Opérationelles – UTOs), where commercial logging, agro-industrial expansion, and infrastructure projects have intensified since 2008, affecting wildlife abundance and connectivity (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025)

Table 1. Basic site information for Campo Ma'an National Park

Species Pan troglodytes troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla gorilla
Area 2,641 km²
Coordinates Lat: 2.389597 , Lon: 10.206030
Type of site Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
Type of governance Governance by government

Types of sites Governance types Habitat types

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Campo Ma'an National Park

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2020 718.0 Campo Ma'an National Park Line transects & recces Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025
Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2014 1472.0 Campo Ma'an National Park Line transects N'Goran 2017
Pan troglodytes troglodytes 2014 1.01 (0.71-1.42) 351 (250-495) Campo Ma'an National Park, Dipikar (348.34 km²) Line transects Distance sampling with survey specific decay time Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015 CMR0021
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2014 1.25 (0.70-2.23) 436 (245-776) Campo Ma'an National Park, Dipikar (348.34 km²) Line transects Distance sampling with survey specific decay time Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015 CMR0021
Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2014 1.99 (1.47-2.70) 694 (513-940) Campo Ma'an National Park, Dipikar (348.34 km²) Line transects Distance sampling with survey specific decay time Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015 CMR0021
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2014 0.16 (0.08-0.31) 369 (191-710) Campo Ma'an National Park, Nord (2,266.73 km²) Line transects Distance sampling with survey specific decay time Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015 CMR0021
Pan troglodytes troglodytes 2014 0.19 (0.11-0.34) 440 (248-779) Campo Ma'an National Park, Nord (2,266.73 km²) Line transects Distance sampling with survey specific decay time Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015 CMR0021
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2014 0.22 (0.14-0.33) 1,000 (661-1,514) Campo Ma'an National Park and surroundings (4,609.6 km²) Line transects Distance sampling with survey specific decay time Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015 CMR0021
Pan troglodytes troglodytes 2014 0.26 (0.20-0.35) 1,220 (929-1,603) Campo Ma'an National Park and surroundings (4,609.6 km²) Line transects Distance sampling with survey specific decay time Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015 CMR0021
Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2014 0.34 (0.21-0.55) 778 (484-1,250) Campo Ma'an National Park, Nord (2,266.73 km²) Line transects Distance sampling with survey specific decay time Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015 CMR0021
Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2014 0.48 (0.38-0.60) 2,199 (1,736-2,786) Campo Ma'an National Park and surroundings (4,609.6 km²) Line transects Distance sampling with survey specific decay time Nzooh Dongmo et al. 2015 CMR0021
Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2008 1039.0 Campo Ma'an National Park Line transects N'Goran 2017
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 1997-2000 0.20 Campo forest Line transects Matthews & Matthews 2004
Pan troglodytes troglodytes 1997-2000 0.63-0.78 Campo forest Line transects Matthews & Matthews 2004
Pan troglodytes troglodytes 1997-2000 0.8-1.0 Ma'an forest Line transects Matthews & Matthews 2004
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 1997-2000 Ma'an forest Line transects Matthews & Matthews 2004 Gorilla density was too low to allow an estimation.

Sampling methods Analytical frameworks

Threats

Areas immediately surrounding the park are being, or have been, logged (BirdLife International 2020). Large infrastructure projects, extractives and agro-industries are putting enormous pressure on the park. They include the Kribi industrial port complex, the Memve’ele Hydropower Dam, the Mount Mammelles iron ore exploration project, the rubber plantation of Hévécam and SOCAPALM oil palm plantations, and the construction of a railway terminal to transport iron ore to the Kribi seaport (WWF 2018). There is a strong positive correlation between the number of development projects deployed near CMNP and the average number of poaching offences (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Campo Ma'an National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1.3 Industrial farming (including palm oil) High (more than 70% of population affected) The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025). Expansion of palm oil plantations, since 2019 (Djoko et al. 2022). 2019-Ongoing (2025)
3 Energy production & mining 3.2.1 Industrial mining High (more than 70% of population affected) The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025). Ongoing (2020)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present (unknown severity) Hunting pressure is relatively high, but it decreased by more than 50% from 2008 to 2014 (N'Goran 2017). There are also reports that poaching of mammals increased in the park between 2011 and 2020 (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025). 2008-Ongoing (2020)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Present (unknown severity) Logging activities in the forest management units reported (Djoko et al. 2022). 2019-Ongoing (2022)
7 Natural system modifications 7.2 Dams & water management/use High (more than 70% of population affected) The park faces growing pressure from a cluster of large-scale developments. The Kribi Deep Sea Port, Memve’élé and Ntem hydroelectric dams, HEVECAM and SOCAPALM plantations, the CAMVERT palm oil project, Sinosteel mining, and the planned Kribi-Mbalam railway all of which have contributed to rising poaching rates and habitat fragmentation (Zo’obo Engolo et al. 2025). Ongoing (2020)

Threats

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Campo Ma'an National Park

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Park guards conduct regular patrols to halt poaching and human encroachment (WWF, WWF 2008). MINFOF (Campo Ma’an park team); WWF; AWF; local community patrols 2008-Ongoing (2020)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat The site is a National Park. MINFOF 2000-Ongoing (2026)
6 Species management 6.1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers WWF supports a gorilla habituation programme. Gorilla Habituation Project in the southwest region of the National Park, as efforts to make gorillas tolerant to human presence for research and possibly ecotourism (Collins 2022). WWF 2011-Ongoing (2022)

Conservation activities

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Campo Ma'an National Park

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
Not reported

Challenges

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Campo Ma'an National Park

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity 2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources Collins 2022 Ongoing (2022)
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Enablers

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Campo Ma'an National Park

Category Behavior Observation type Prevalence Observation dates Source Habituation Species Comment
Not reported

Behaviours

Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Campo Ma'an National Park

Value 1981-2010 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [C] 25.1 26.2 26.1 26.4 27.5
Annual precipitation [mm] 3002 3094 3126 3183 3222
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) 12.2 6.8 8.4 5.9 9.9
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) 7 8.2 8.9 9.5 11.4


Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Campo Ma'an National Park

Type No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure 5 0.01 4.5 0.01 5 0.01 21.5 0.01
Drought 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heatwave 8 100 7.5 100 11.5 100 17.5 100
River flood 2 1.12 2 1.91 1 0.77 4.5 0.14
Tropical cyclone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wildfire 26.75 0.15 28 0.21 25.75 0.14 28 0.23


  • Precipitation anomaly in Campo Ma'an National Park
  • Temperature anomaly in Campo Ma'an National Park

External links

Kudu-Zombo Programme

References

BirdLife International. (2020). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Campo Ma'an complex. Retrieved November 25, 2020, from http://www.birdlife.org

Collins, E. (2022). Occupancy and activity of sympatric central chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in a multi-use landscape, Campo Ma’an Conservation Area, Southern Cameroon [Master’s thesis, Concordia University]. Spectrum Research Repository. https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/id/eprint/991723/

Djoko, I. B., Weladji, R. B., Granados, A., Paré, P., & Body, G. (2022). Fruit Availability Influences Forest Elephant Habitat Use in a Human Dominated Landscape, Campo-Ma’an, Southern Cameroon. Tropical Conservation Science, 15, 1-12. doi:10.1177/19400829221117053

Matthews, A., & Matthews, A. (2004). Survey of gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) and chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes troglodytes ) in Southwestern Cameroon. Primates, 45(1), 15-24. doi:10.1007/s10329-003-0058-4

N’Goran, K. P. (2017). Summary report on WWF biomonitoring activities from 2014 to 2016: Status of forest elephant and great apes in Central Africa priority sites.

Nzooh Dongmo, Z., N'Goran, K. P., Fondja, C., & Nkono, J. (2015). EVALUATION DE LA DYNAMIQUE DES POPULATIONS DE GRANDS ET MOYENS MAMMIFERES DANS LE DOMAINE FORESTIER PERMANENT DE L’UNITE TECHNIQUE OPERATIONNELLE CAMPO MA’AN. WWF Regional Office for Africa and MINFOF, Service de Conservation du Parc National de Campo Ma’an.

World Wide Fund for Nature. (2008). Biological assessment of Campo Ma’an National Park, South Cameroon. WWF Cameroon Programme Office. https://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/kz_3_anglais_final.pdf

World Wide Fund for Nature. (2018). The saving of Campo Ma’an National Park. https://wwf.panda.org/?325912/The-saving-of-Campo-Maan-National-Park

Zo'obo Engolo, G. M., Yaouba, B., Mbog Mbog, S., Ngoko, P. P., Memvi Abessolo, C. I., & Bitondo, D. (2025). Assessing the Impact of Development Projects on Wildlife Abundance in Campo-Ma’an National Park, Southern Cameroon, from 2008 to 2020. Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences, 7(9), 106-123. doi:10.30564/jees.v7i9.10974

Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345. doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345

WWF. https://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/campo_ma_an_programme/


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