Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park

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Summary

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• Northern white-cheeked crested gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) are present in Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park.
• The population size is unknown.
• The gibbon population trend is unknown.
• The site has a total size of 5,074 km².
• Key threats to gibbons are habitat degradation due to cattle ranching and opium cultivation, and hunting.
• Conservation activities have focused on community engagement, improved land use practices and livelihood development, and anti-poaching interventions.

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  © Jay White

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  Adult female gibbon © Jay White

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  © Jay White

Site characteristics

Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park (previously two individual National Protected Areas: Nam Et and Phou Louey) is located in the north-east of Lao PDR (Laos) and is the second largest protected area in the country (over 500 square kilometers). Spanning ten districts across three provinces (Houaphan, Luang Prabang and Xieng Khouang), the protected area is marked by steep mountainous topography, with elevation ranging from 336 to 2257 m. Nam Et-Phou Louey is remarkable for its rich wildlife biodiversity with a wide range of species, many endangered, including clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa), dholes (Cuon alpinus), northern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys), Phayre's langur (Trachypithecus phayrei), sun bears (Helarctos malayanus), Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus), Sunda pangolins (Manis javanica), Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla), big-headed turtles (Platysternon megacephalum), impressed tortoise (Manouria impressa), oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus), Burmese python (Python bivittatus), mainland serow (Capricornis sumatraensis), sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), and Owston’s palm civet (Chrotogale owstoni). There are currently over 50 species of large mammal; of these there are over 20 species of carnivore (including 4 species of cats, 8 species of civet, 3 species of otter, and 2 species of bear), 8 species of primates, and 5 species of ungulate. There are 36 species of bats, over 20 species of reptiles and amphibians, and over 300 species of birds.

Living inside or immediately adjacent to the park are 30,000 persons from 98 different communities, many in some of the poorest districts of the country. There is a long history of human settlement in and around the park, with local people relying heavily on natural resources for their subsistence. To balance the protection of biodiversity, and the needs of local communities, the protected area is split into 2 primary zones: the Total Protection Zone (TPZ), where strict conservation is the primary objective, and no activities or access are allowed without permission, and the Controlled Use Zone (CUZ), where many villagers practice agriculture and day to day village activities.

While Nam Et-Phou Louey achieved its initial fame due to it containing the last population of tiger in Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam); due to intensified international demand and encroachment of the park by large scale cattle grazing, this population was fully extirpated somewhere between 2014 and 2018 though the decline began earlier than that. In addition to tigers, over-hunting and cattle encroachment have also led to the extirpation of leopards (Panthera pardus), gaur (Bos gaurus), and nearly of elephants. The task of the park’s management unit is to discourage illegal market hunting and wildlife trade and cattle encroachment to prevent further species loss from the landscape. The strategy for doing so includes: ranger patrolling of the Totally Protected Zone and surrounding landscape, negotiating with local governments and communities for conservation outcomes, outreach campaigns to the surrounding communities, scientific monitoring of species of interest, land-use planning for surrounding communities, livelihood development of sustainable livelihood alternatives to market hunting and cattle encroachment, and eco-tourism.

Table 1. Basic site information for Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park

Species	Nomascus leucogenys
Area	5,074 km²
Coordinates	Lat: 20.517794 , Lon: 103.592093
Type of site	Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types	subtropical/tropical dry forest
Type of governance

Types of sites Governance types Habitat types

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  © Jay White

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  © Jay White

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  © Jay White

Ape status

The first detailed survey of Nomascus leucogenys in Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park was a fixed point triangulation density survey conducted by the Wildlife Conservation Society during 2014- 2015 and estimated about 57 groups inhabited the surveyed area of 400 km2 in the western half of the park (Syxaiyakhamthor, K., et al. 2019).

From a more recent presence/absence survey, completed this year (2021), park management suspects that there were 65 groups detected during the survey period from 80 sampling points which were spread semi-randomly across the entire 5,000km2 extent of the population’s potential range. Potential habitat was selected from full canopy forest cover as determined by satellite imagery. The sampling points cover roughly 30% of this potential habitat. The greatest concentrations were unexpectedly found in the eastern half of the park, particularly in a location on the Nam Et river near the Vietnamese border. As a result, the Nam Et-Phou Louey Management Unit has needed to re-assess their protection strategy for the species in light of the facts that (a) the geographical spread of important concentrations of the species is much wider than originally thought, and (b) the greatest of these concentrations is outside the traditional extent of the park’s attention in the northwest of the park. It is possible, considering the many various areas of population concentration across the sizeable park, that Nam Et-Phou Louey contains one of the largest and most extensive populations of the species in the world. However, it exists at very low density.

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park

Species	Year	Total number groups (95% CI)	Density ​​[groups/km²​] (95% CI)	Total number indiv. (95% CI)	Area	Method	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Nomascus leucogenys	2021				Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park sample (888 km²)	Auditory survey method	Unpublished (WCS)
Nomascus leucogenys	2015	0.4	57		Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park (1,25.6 km²)	Fixed point triangulation	Khameko et al. 2020	Results represent a sample density from one region in the western half of the park.

Sampling methods Analytical frameworks

Threats

The omnipresent primary direct threat to all fauna in Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park is opportunistic hunting. This is characterized by hunting with one or many of the following tools: home-made muskets, military or sporting style cartridge rifles, cable wire snares, and foothold traps. Hunting is entirely opportunistic; any large fauna observed is harvested if the opportunity is presented. Animals with higher market value are sold to locally-based dealers who transport bush meat (example: porcupine or muntjac meat) to provincial and district capital markets and restaurants and higher value animal parts (example bear gall bladders or pangolins) to international traffickers. Animals with low market value (squirrels for example) are consumed at home, though often these are sold as bushmeat as well. Gibbons do not have a high market value (though there are many examples of gibbons being traded and held as pets within Laos) but due to the opportunistic nature of the hunting will be shot when observed by hunters.

Encroachment for cattle grazing and opium cultivation are primarily threats to Nam Et-Phou Louey fauna in that they encourage more opportunistic hunting inside the park's habitat; more persons encouraged to spend more time (armed) deeper inside the interior habitat. Additionally, however, these activities also degrade gibbon habitat by removing forest cover, primarily through annual burning. Similarly, roads built into the park are also primarily a threat in that they improve access to this type of unsustainable hunting.

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Opium fields are cleared from the remotest areas of the park to hide them from drug eradication efforts by the government. These overlap the park's most important habitat for gibbons; degrading the forest structure and boosting the rate of the opportunistic hunting described above by keeping armed persons in the fields and gibbon habitat 4 months of every year.	Ongoing (2022)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.3 Livestock farming & ranching	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Cattle released into the forests of the park's totally protected zone are accompanied by their owners and tenders who enter the forest armed and hunt to supplement their income and self nutrition, hunting is done entirely opportunistically and includes, at times, gibbons. Additionally, cattle owners use fire to alter the landscape in favor of grasses, degrading the habitat for native gibbons.	2010-Ongoing (2022)
4 Transportation & service corridors	4.1 Roads & railroads	High (more than 70% of population affected)	This road was constructed under the professed purpose of national security, thus avoiding environmental impact assessment, in 2011. This has led to the informal acquisition of much of the eastern half of the park for cattle grazing and has improved access to the forests of this half of the park for opium cultivation and hunting in tandem with the cattle grazing operations.	2011-Ongoing (2022)
5 Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	High (more than 70% of population affected)	This is the rate of encounters in 2020, primarily skewed by where the ranger teams focused patrolling. In 2020, this was primarily in the western half of the park which has been less chaotic in encroachment than the eastern half and where frequent patrolling has reduced threats through deterrence. In 2019, per 100kms patrolled (generally focusing in the same areas in the west as 2020) the average rate was: 4.2 wire snares, 2.2 firearms, and 2.7 hunting camps.	2009-Ongoing (2022)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance	7.1 Fire & fire suppression	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Fires started by hunters and cattle grazers for two primary purposes: (1) chasing animals into snare lines and ambushes, and (2) promotion of grasses for cattle fodder. Continued yearly burning results in substantial habitat loss for Nomascus leucogenys in Nam Et-Phou Louey.	Ongoing (2022)

Threats

Conservation activities

Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park (NEPL NP) is located in some of the poorest districts in the country and is home to 100 communities and over 30,000 people who rely on its natural bounty for sustenance. Over-harvesting of wildlife and plants, agricultural encroachment, and potential mining and hydropower inside the totally protected zone of the NP threaten the long-term sustainability of the area to support its people. Lack of natural resource management systems in controlled use zones and low understanding among local people about conservation’s long-term benefits are undermining its sustainability. The challenge is, therefore, to develop management systems and build awareness among local people about conservation in order to improve the sustainable harvest of wild plants and animals for local use and provide local people with greater food security.

The management unit of NEPL (NEPL MU) is a branch of the Lao PDR Department of Forestry (DOF) under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) and is supported by Wildlife Conservation Society's Lao PDR branch through technical support of activities and fundraising assistance. NEPL MU and WCS follow an integrated management approach that is underpinned by strong community engagement and participation. WCS trains and supports the NEPL MU to create a model for protected area management in the country. Key management components such as outreach and awareness, natural resource protection, biodiversity monitoring, community livelihoods development, and improved land use practices work in harmony to ensure a balanced more strategic approach to protected areas and landscape level conservation.

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park

Category	Specific activity	Description	Implementing organization(s)	Year of activity
1 Development impact mitigation	1.11 Avoid building roads in key habitat or migration routes	Park is diligent to stay abreast of proposals for road building inside the Totally Protected Zone and quick to bring these matters to necessary authorities to prevent their implementation. Have not always been successful in the past and serious amounts of habitat have been lost from hastily implemented roads built across the TPZ.		Ongoing (2022)
1 Development impact mitigation	1.15 Certify products from agriculture, mining or logging and market them as ape friendly	Assist local farmers in growing shade-grown coffee. Participating farmers are in contract with the park to not violate natural resource laws concerning the park and coffee is bought and sold for an above-market price as Wildlife Friendly.		Ongoing (2022)
1 Development impact mitigation	1.3 Prohibit (livestock) farmers from entering protected areas	A struggle. While livestock grazing inside the Totally Protected Zone is forbidden by law, the lack of enforcement of land use laws for encroachment offenses has resulted in many neighboring communities satisfied to break the law and establish cattle grazing operations with part-time residencies inside the Totally Protected Zone. Results in fires to promote grass and intensified hunting for trade, consumption, and as a result of wildlife conflict.		Ongoing (2022)
1 Development impact mitigation	1.4 Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land	Assisting local cattle owners to create irrigation and grass growing plots to help intensify cattle production nearer to villages and remove the perceived need to encroach on the Totally Protected Zone.		Ongoing (2022)
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.1 Implement road blocks to inspect cars for illegal ape bushmeat	Anti-trafficking team uses surprise road-blocks based on informant information as one of their tactics		Ongoing (2022)
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols	Implemented SMART since 2014, and before that MIST. Employ a full time SMART/GIS data technician. Analysis of SMART data employed constantly to help in fine-tuning patrol strategy and patrol planning routes		2014-Ongoing (2022)
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms	Promoting shade grown wildlife friendly coffee cultivation and helping in livestock intensification for park's communities		Ongoing (2022)
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.14 Employ hunters in the conservation sector to reduce their impact	Hire purported ex-hunters as tour guides on eco-tourism programs		Ongoing (2022)
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols	Between 2009 and 2016 the park employed 8 ranger teams in sub-stations and one anti-trafficking road-based ranger team. Since 2016 the park has managed most teams (6 currently) as forest mobile teams, patrolling on foot in the forest but no longer based in sub-stations and another 2 ranger teams based in conventional sub-stations. The anti-trafficking teams have operated mostly unchanged since 2009. These teams focus on confronting encroachment and illegal hunting in the totally protected zone, working with the military and police to apprehend offenders and initiate litigation for offenses to be solved by district and provincial courts.		2009-Ongoing (2022)
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.5 Inspect bushmeat markets for ape species	Investigation of local markets is one of the regular tasks of the anti-trafficking team		Ongoing (2022)
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares	Ranger teams search for snares based on strategic planning of patrol routes to search areas with high rates of snaring. Often snares are found around fields.		Ongoing (2022)
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares	Ranger teams search for snares based on strategic planning of patrol routes to search areas with high rates of snaring.		Ongoing (2022)
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.7 Provide better equipment (e.g., guns) to anti-poaching ranger patrols	Continually update ranger equipment as needed, including: hammocks, sleeping bags, backpacks, smart phones and power banks for GPS and data entry, and other related field and law enforcement materials		Ongoing (2022)
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols	Frequent ad-hoc training is provided to ranger teams in various topics including: forest/map/GPS/compass navigation; first aid; Lao natural resource and national park laws and regulations; correct litigation for offenses inside the park; human rights and correct treatment of offenders; safe wildlife sample collection for disease monitoring; and self defense/martial arts.		Ongoing (2022)
4 Education & awareness	4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use	Outreach campaigns to communities around Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park since 2010; focusing on: national hunting regulations, park land-use regulations, and benefits of natural resource and forest conservation.		2010-Ongoing (2022)
4 Education & awareness	4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management	Members of local communities are frequently hired for auditory gibbon surveys.		Ongoing (2022)
4 Education & awareness	4.4 Regularly play TV and radio announcements to raise ape conservation awareness	As part of an outreach campaign, pro-conservation messages are played on village announcement systems daily for a year at a time.		Ongoing (2022)
5 Protection & restoration	5.1 Create buffer zones around protected ape habitat	Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park is split into two zones, the Totally Protected Zone which is where the vast majority of all gibbon groups are located and no human activities are allowed without written permission of the park management unit, and the Controlled Use Zone, where forest resource collection, legal hunting, and agriculture compatible with village land use plans is allowed.		Ongoing (2022)
5 Protection & restoration	5.2 Legally protect ape habitat	The vast majority of gibbon groups are located inside the Totally Protected Zone.		2019-Ongoing (2026)
5 Protection & restoration	5.4 Create natural habitat patches (including corridors)	The Totally Protected Zone has two choke points (less than 5 kilometers wide each). Special attention is necessary for these two corridors as roads cross them and human use is difficult to manage. Actions for the corridors have included blatant demarcation with arches over the road where they enter and leave these corridors; frequent patrolling; and, in the future, ranger outposts and tourism roadside stops for drawing attention to the park and promoting a full-time conservation-focused presence in the corridors.		Ongoing (2022)
5 Protection & restoration	5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas	Park Land Use Planning teams work with district governments and local villages to create participatory land use plans for the villages and negotiate solutions to conflicts over the border of the Totally Protected Zone in relationship with the village. When borders are adjusted teams, with community leaders, re-post the new boundaries		Ongoing (2022)
5 Protection & restoration	5.6 Habitat restoration	Currently experimenting with Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) in fallow upland fields which have been stunted by vines and invasives from naturally regenerating to forest.		Ongoing (2022)
5 Protection & restoration	5.9 Resettle illegal human communities (i.e., in a protected area) to another location	In the 1980's and 1990's many human communities were resettled to be closer to roads and to reduce pressure on the national park. Current efforts are underway to resettle illegal cattle settlements out of the Totally Protected Zone of the park		1980-Ongoing (2022)
7 Economic & other incentives	7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)	Village Development Funds are set up in over 50 villages around the park, distributed to the communities for community projects in accordance with Community Conservation Agreements between the community and the park		Ongoing (2022)
8 Permanent presence	8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site	Two eco-tourism landscapes exist in the park where community operated eco-tourism schemes operate in tandem with ranger stations, creating a constant conservation-focused presence in critical habitat which are favored by local human communities.		Ongoing (2022)

Conservation activities

Challenges

The primary challenge in NEPL is that while appropriate natural resource laws exist they are rarely, if ever, enforced. Infrastructure projects and private businesses easily avoid conducting proper Environmental Impact Assessments and are able to sidestep regulations concerning the park, resulting in concessions unfavourable to the park's conservation mandate and roads and other access into vital habitat which boost agricultural and livestock encroachment and poaching of protected species. Smaller scale, local encroachment (usually in the form of cattle grazing and accompanying cattle settlements) is not prevented or punished by local authorities and is thus not discouraged; therefore this exploitation is carried out by a growing proportion of the surrounding community. Poaching and illegal trade is enforced to a greater degree but the resulting fines or other punishments are usually dropped to a fraction of their legal minimum, often resulting in the benefits of these activities far outweighing the potential legal consequences.

Table 5. Challenges reported for Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
4 Institutional support	4.1 Lack of law enforcement	White pers. comm. 2022

Challenges

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park

Enablers	Specific enablers	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Enablers

Research activities

The most frequently employed method of biodiversity monitoring employed at NEPL has been camera trap arrays to estimate population trends of terrestrial mammals. There have been two surveys of Nomascus leucogenys at NEPL, so far, both employing auditory sampling of morning calls and duets.The first detailed survey of Nomascus leucogenys in Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park was a fixed point triangulation density survey conducted by the Wildlife Conservation Society during 2014- 2015 and estimated about 57 groups inhabited the surveyed area of 400 km2 in the western half of the park (Syxaiyakhamthor, K., et al. 2019).

From a more recent presence/absence auditory sampling survey, completed this year (2021), park management suspects that there were 65 groups detected during the survey period from 80 sampling points which were spread semi-randomly across the entire 5,000 sq.km extent of the population’s potential range. Potential habitat was selected from full canopy forest cover as determined by satellite imagery. The sampling points cover roughly 30% of this potential habitat. The greatest concentrations were unexpectedly found in the eastern half of the park, particularly in a location on the Nam Et river near the Vietnamese border. As a result, the Nam Et-Phou Louey Management Unit has needed to re-assess their protection strategy for the species in light of the facts that (a) the geographical spread of important concentrations of the species is much wider than originally thought, and (b) the greatest of these concentrations is outside the traditional extent of the park’s attention in the northwest of the park. It is possible, considering the many various areas of population concentration across the sizeable park, that Nam Et-Phou Louey contains one of the largest and most extensive populations of the species in the world. However, it exists at very low density.

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park

Category	Behavior	Observation type	Prevalence	Observation dates	Source	Habituation	Species	Comment
	Not reported

Behaviours

External links

Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park

References

Syxaiyakhamthor, K., Ngoprasert, D., Asensio, N., & Savini, T. (2020). Identifying priority areas for the conservation of the Critically Endangered northern white-cheeked gibbon Nomascus leucogenys in northern Lao. Oryx, 54(6), 767-775. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605318001515

Page created by: Jay White Date: 2022-01-15