Kom Wum Forest Reserve: Difference between revisions
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= Site characteristics = | = Site characteristics = | ||
The Kom-Wum Forest Reserve (KWFR) was created in 1951; it stretches across Boyo and Menchum divisions in northwestern Cameroon. The KWFR is surrounded by the villages Mughom and Bueni Bu, Mbengkas, Baiso and Mbongkissu (Fotang et al. 2021; Fotang et al. 2023a). The landscape is a mosaic of grassland and lowland-montane tropical forest. The site is characterized by primary forest, old secondary forest and grassland. It is home to seven diurnal primate species including putty-nosed monkey (''Cercopithecus nictitans ludio''), mona monkey (''Cercopithecus mona''), olive baboon (''Papio anubis''), tantalus monkey (''Chlorocebus tantalus''), patas monkey (''Erythrocebus patas''), and Preuss’s monkey (''Allochrocebus preussi'') and the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Fotang et al. 2023b). | The Kom-Wum Forest Reserve (KWFR) was created in 1951; it stretches across Boyo and Menchum divisions in northwestern Cameroon. The KWFR is surrounded by the villages Mughom and Bueni Bu, Mbengkas, Baiso and Mbongkissu ([[#R00907|Fotang et al. 2021]]; [[#R00905|Fotang et al. 2023a]]). The landscape is a mosaic of grassland and lowland-montane tropical forest. The site is characterized by primary forest, old secondary forest and grassland. It is home to seven diurnal primate species including putty-nosed monkey (''Cercopithecus nictitans ludio''), mona monkey (''Cercopithecus mona''), olive baboon (''Papio anubis''), tantalus monkey (''Chlorocebus tantalus''), patas monkey (''Erythrocebus patas''), and Preuss’s monkey (''Allochrocebus preussi'') and the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee ([[#R00906|Fotang et al. 2023b]]). | ||
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Kom Wum Forest Reserve''' | '''Table 1. Basic site information for Kom Wum Forest Reserve''' | ||
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= Ape status = | = Ape status = | ||
Using a combination of survey methods it was estimated that 10 (direct observation) to 83 (distance sampling) chimpanzees live in the area depending on the estimation method (Fotang et al. 2021). | Using a combination of survey methods it was estimated that 10 (direct observation) to 83 (distance sampling) chimpanzees live in the area depending on the estimation method ([[#R00907|Fotang et al. 2021]]). | ||
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Kom Wum Forest Reserve''' | '''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Kom Wum Forest Reserve''' | ||
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|Line transects, Other | |Line transects, Other | ||
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|Fotang et al. 2021 | |[[#R00907|Fotang et al. 2021]] | ||
|1) direct observation, 2) camera trapping, 3)distance sampling, 4) marked nest count, and 5) standing crop nest count, survey effort: 150 km. | |1) direct observation, 2) camera trapping, 3)distance sampling, 4) marked nest count, and 5) standing crop nest count, survey effort: 150 km. | ||
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|Reconnaissance walk | |Reconnaissance walk | ||
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|Chuo et al. 2017 | |[[#R00904|Chuo et al. 2017]] | ||
|survey effort 42 km. Four chimpanzees were directly observed | |survey effort 42 km. Four chimpanzees were directly observed | ||
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= Threats = | = Threats = | ||
Based on an analysis of suitable chimpanzee habitat, the reserve is degraded and the population could go extinct unless immediate action is taken; currently, chimpanzees are confined to less than 10% of the area. The study found increasing chimpanzee occurrence with increasing elevation, secondary forest density, distance to villages and primary forest density. Hunting and forest degradation are the major threats to chimpanzees in the reserve (Fotang et al. 2023b). | Based on an analysis of suitable chimpanzee habitat, the reserve is degraded and the population could go extinct unless immediate action is taken; currently, chimpanzees are confined to less than 10% of the area. The study found increasing chimpanzee occurrence with increasing elevation, secondary forest density, distance to villages and primary forest density. Hunting and forest degradation are the major threats to chimpanzees in the reserve ([[#R00906|Fotang et al. 2023b]]). | ||
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Kom Wum Forest Reserve''' | '''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Kom Wum Forest Reserve''' | ||
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|1.1 Residential areas | |1.1 Residential areas | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Habitat destruction for the creation of new settlements (Fotang et al. 2023b). | |Habitat destruction for the creation of new settlements ([[#R00906|Fotang et al. 2023b]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2023) | |Ongoing (2023) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | |2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|The lowland areas (< 800 m) are often cultivated with rice and maize and suffer from logging (Fotang et al. 2023b). | |The lowland areas (< 800 m) are often cultivated with rice and maize and suffer from logging ([[#R00906|Fotang et al. 2023b]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2023) | |Ongoing (2023) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching | |2.3 Livestock farming & ranching | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Extensive cattle grazing and cattle rearing (Fotang et al. 2023b). | |Extensive cattle grazing and cattle rearing ([[#R00906|Fotang et al. 2023b]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2023) | |Ongoing (2023) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | |5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Illegal hunting with guns and trapping (Fotang et al. 2023b). | |Illegal hunting with guns and trapping ([[#R00906|Fotang et al. 2023b]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2023) | |Ongoing (2023) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants | |5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Harvesting of non-timber forest products (Fotang et al. 2023b). | |Harvesting of non-timber forest products ([[#R00906|Fotang et al. 2023b]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2023) | |Ongoing (2023) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting | |5.3 Logging & wood harvesting | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Timber harvesting (Fotang et al. 2023b). | |Timber harvesting ([[#R00906|Fotang et al. 2023b]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2023) | |Ongoing (2023) | ||
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|Chuo et al. 2017 | |[[#R00904|Chuo et al. 2017]] | ||
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|Chuo et al. 2017 | |[[#R00904|Chuo et al. 2017]] | ||
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|Chuo et al. 2017 | |[[#R00904|Chuo et al. 2017]] | ||
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|Chuo et al. 2017 | |[[#R00904|Chuo et al. 2017]] | ||
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= Exposure to climate change impacts = | = Exposure to climate change impacts = | ||
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. | As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02230|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. | ||
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024). | The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02230|Kiribou et al. 2024]]). | ||
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Kom Wum Forest Reserve''' | '''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Kom Wum Forest Reserve''' | ||
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= References = | = References = | ||
Chuo, M. D., Angwafo, T. E., Chefor, F., & Fru, B. S. (2017b). Estimation of chimpanzee’s (Pan troglodytes ellioti) abundance in the Kimbi-Fungum National Park and Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, Nw, Cameroon. Journal of Biodiversity Management and Forestry, 6(3), 20-30. DOI: 10.4172/2327-4417.1000185 | <span id="R00904"></span>Chuo, M. D., Angwafo, T. E., Chefor, F., & Fru, B. S. (2017b). Estimation of chimpanzee’s (Pan troglodytes ellioti) abundance in the Kimbi-Fungum National Park and Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, Nw, Cameroon. Journal of Biodiversity Management and Forestry, 6(3), 20-30. DOI: 10.4172/2327-4417.1000185 | ||
Fotang, C., Bröring, U., Roos, C. et al. Mapping suitable habitat for Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzees in Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, North-Western Cameroon. Primates (2023a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329- 023-01054-z | <span id="R00905"></span>Fotang, C., Bröring, U., Roos, C. et al. Mapping suitable habitat for Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzees in Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, North-Western Cameroon. Primates (2023a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329- 023-01054-z [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-023-01054-z doi:10.1007/s10329-023-01054-z] | ||
Fotang, C., Dutton, P., Bröring, U., Roos, C., Willie, J., Angwafo, T. E., ... & Birkhofer, K. (2023b). Tool use by Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees for driver ant predation in Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, North-West Region Cameroon. Folia Primatologica, 1(aop), 1-13. | <span id="R00906"></span>Fotang, C., Dutton, P., Bröring, U., Roos, C., Willie, J., Angwafo, T. E., ... & Birkhofer, K. (2023b). Tool use by Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees for driver ant predation in Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, North-West Region Cameroon. Folia Primatologica, 1(aop), 1-13. [https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-bja10006 doi:10.1163/14219980-bja10006] | ||
Fotang, C., Bröring, U., Roos, C. | <span id="R00907"></span>Fotang, C., Bröring, U., Roos, C., Enoguanbhor, E. C., Abwe, E. E., Dutton, P., …, & Birkhofer, K. (2021). Human Activity and Forest Degradation Threaten Populations of the Nigeria–Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) in Western Cameroon. ''International Journal of Primatology'', 42(1), 105-129. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-020-00191-2 doi:10.1007/s10764-020-00191-2] | ||
<span id="R02230"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345] | |||
'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-02-24 | '''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-02-24 | ||
Latest revision as of 17:53, 15 October 2026
Central Africa > Cameroon > Kom Wum Forest Reserve
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Summary
- Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti) are present in Kom Wum Forest Reserve.
- It has been estimated that 10 to 83 individuals occur in the site.
- The population trend is decreasing.
- The site has a total size of 80 km².
- Key threats include hunting, logging, extraction of non-timber forest products, and agricultural expansion.
- Conservation activities are not documented.
Site characteristics
The Kom-Wum Forest Reserve (KWFR) was created in 1951; it stretches across Boyo and Menchum divisions in northwestern Cameroon. The KWFR is surrounded by the villages Mughom and Bueni Bu, Mbengkas, Baiso and Mbongkissu (Fotang et al. 2021; Fotang et al. 2023a). The landscape is a mosaic of grassland and lowland-montane tropical forest. The site is characterized by primary forest, old secondary forest and grassland. It is home to seven diurnal primate species including putty-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans ludio), mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona), olive baboon (Papio anubis), tantalus monkey (Chlorocebus tantalus), patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas), and Preuss’s monkey (Allochrocebus preussi) and the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Fotang et al. 2023b).
Table 1. Basic site information for Kom Wum Forest Reserve
| Species | Pan troglodytes ellioti |
| Area | 80 km² |
| Coordinates | Lat: 6.278946 , Lon: 10.127542 |
| Type of site | Protected area (Forest Reserve) |
| Habitat types | Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Grassland |
| Type of governance |
Types of sites Governance types Habitat types
Ape status
Using a combination of survey methods it was estimated that 10 (direct observation) to 83 (distance sampling) chimpanzees live in the area depending on the estimation method (Fotang et al. 2021).
Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Kom Wum Forest Reserve
| Species | Year | Occurrence | Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) | Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) | Abundance estimate (95% CI) | Survey area | Sampling method | Analytical framework | Source | Comments | A.P.E.S. database ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pan troglodytes ellioti | 2018- 2019 | Present | Kom Wum Forest Reserve | Line transects & recces | Fotang et al. 2023 | ||||||
| Pan troglodytes ellioti | 2018 | 10-83 | Kom Wum Forest Reserve | Line transects, Other | Fotang et al. 2021 | 1) direct observation, 2) camera trapping, 3)distance sampling, 4) marked nest count, and 5) standing crop nest count, survey effort: 150 km. | |||||
| Pan troglodytes ellioti | 2015- 2016 | 11.29 | Kom Wum Forest Reserve | Reconnaissance walk | Chuo et al. 2017 | survey effort 42 km. Four chimpanzees were directly observed |
Sampling methods Analytical frameworks
Threats
Based on an analysis of suitable chimpanzee habitat, the reserve is degraded and the population could go extinct unless immediate action is taken; currently, chimpanzees are confined to less than 10% of the area. The study found increasing chimpanzee occurrence with increasing elevation, secondary forest density, distance to villages and primary forest density. Hunting and forest degradation are the major threats to chimpanzees in the reserve (Fotang et al. 2023b).
Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Kom Wum Forest Reserve
| Category | Specific threats | Threat level | Description | Year of threat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Residential & commercial development | 1.1 Residential areas | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Habitat destruction for the creation of new settlements (Fotang et al. 2023b). | Ongoing (2023) |
| 2 Agriculture & aquaculture | 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | High (more than 70% of population affected) | The lowland areas (< 800 m) are often cultivated with rice and maize and suffer from logging (Fotang et al. 2023b). | Ongoing (2023) |
| 2 Agriculture & aquaculture | 2.3 Livestock farming & ranching | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Extensive cattle grazing and cattle rearing (Fotang et al. 2023b). | Ongoing (2023) |
| 5 Biological resource use | 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Illegal hunting with guns and trapping (Fotang et al. 2023b). | Ongoing (2023) |
| 5 Biological resource use | 5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Harvesting of non-timber forest products (Fotang et al. 2023b). | Ongoing (2023) |
| 5 Biological resource use | 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Timber harvesting (Fotang et al. 2023b). | Ongoing (2023) |
Conservation activities
Challenges
Table 5. Challenges reported for Kom Wum Forest Reserve
| Challenges | Specific challenges | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Not reported |
Enablers
Table 6. Enablers reported for Kom Wum Forest Reserve
| Enablers | Specific enablers | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Site management | |||
| 2 Resources and capacity | |||
| 3 Engaged community | |||
| 4 Institutional support | |||
| 5 Ecological context | |||
| 6 Safety and stability |
Research activities
Documented behaviours
Table 7. Behaviours documented for Kom Wum Forest Reserve
| Category | Behavior | Observation type | Prevalence | Observation dates | Source | Habituation | Species | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ground nesting | Chuo et al. 2017 | |||||||
| Ant dipping | Chuo et al. 2017 | |||||||
| Ant digging | Chuo et al. 2017 | |||||||
| Crab clobber stones | Chuo et al. 2017 |
Exposure to climate change impacts
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Kom Wum Forest Reserve
| Value | 1981-2010 | 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 | 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 | 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 | 2071-2099, RCP 6.0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean temperature [C] | 24.1 | 25.3 | 25.2 | 25.5 | 26.5 |
| Annual precipitation [mm] | 2493 | 2577 | 2582 | 2639 | 2656 |
| Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) | 22.5 | 10.2 | 9.7 | 8.6 | 11.6 |
| No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) | 6.7 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 10 |
Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Kom Wum Forest Reserve
| Type | No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) | % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) | No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) | % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) | No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) | % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) | No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) | % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crop failure | 3 | 0 | 4.5 | 0.01 | 3.5 | 0 | 14 | 0.01 |
| Drought | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Heatwave | 1 | 50 | 0.5 | 50 | 3 | 50 | 4.5 | 100 |
| River flood | 1.5 | 0.77 | 2.5 | 6.25 | 1.5 | 3.79 | 4.25 | 2.82 |
| Tropical cyclone | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Wildfire | 29.75 | 0.25 | 30 | 0.28 | 29 | 0.27 | 29 | 0.3 |
-
Precipitation anomaly in Kom Wum Forest Reserve -
Temperature anomaly in Kom Wum Forest Reserve
External links
References
Chuo, M. D., Angwafo, T. E., Chefor, F., & Fru, B. S. (2017b). Estimation of chimpanzee’s (Pan troglodytes ellioti) abundance in the Kimbi-Fungum National Park and Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, Nw, Cameroon. Journal of Biodiversity Management and Forestry, 6(3), 20-30. DOI: 10.4172/2327-4417.1000185
Fotang, C., Bröring, U., Roos, C. et al. Mapping suitable habitat for Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzees in Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, North-Western Cameroon. Primates (2023a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329- 023-01054-z doi:10.1007/s10329-023-01054-z
Fotang, C., Dutton, P., Bröring, U., Roos, C., Willie, J., Angwafo, T. E., ... & Birkhofer, K. (2023b). Tool use by Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees for driver ant predation in Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, North-West Region Cameroon. Folia Primatologica, 1(aop), 1-13. doi:10.1163/14219980-bja10006
Fotang, C., Bröring, U., Roos, C., Enoguanbhor, E. C., Abwe, E. E., Dutton, P., …, & Birkhofer, K. (2021). Human Activity and Forest Degradation Threaten Populations of the Nigeria–Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) in Western Cameroon. International Journal of Primatology, 42(1), 105-129. doi:10.1007/s10764-020-00191-2
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345. doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345
Page created by: APES Atlas Team Date: 2023-02-24