Ogbesse Forest Reserve

West Africa > Nigeria > Ogbesse Forest Reserve

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Summary

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• Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti) are absent in Ogbesse Forest Reserve.
• Chimpanzees have not been seen in the reserve since 1996.
• The site has a total size of 73 km².
• Key threats to chimpanzees are logging, hunting, and clearing forest for agriculture and hardwood plantations.
• Conservation activities are not documented.

Site characteristics

The Ogbesse Forest Reserve is located close to the Ekiti state capital of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. The reserve has been completely logged and cleared for farms and teak and gmelina plantations (Greengrass 2006).

Table 1. Basic site information for Ogbesse Forest Reserve

Species	Pan troglodytes ellioti
Area	73 km²
Coordinates	Lat: 7.550617 , Lon: 5.359618
Type of site	Protected area (Forest Reserve)
Habitat types	Agricultural land, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
Type of governance

Types of sites Governance types Habitat types

Ape status

Chimpanzees have not been sighted in the reserve since 1996; it is certain from the unsuitable habitat that they are extinct now. The reserve is small in size, its location close to the state capital and a road runs through it to Ise Town; these are probably all factors that have contributed to the quick over-exploitation of its natural resources (Greengrass 2006).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Ogbesse Forest Reserve

Species	Year	Occurrence	Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Survey area	Sampling method	Analytical framework	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes ellioti	2006		0			Ogbesse Forest Reserve	Reconnaissance walk		Greengrass 2006	Chimpanzees not seen here since 1996

Sampling methods Analytical frameworks

Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Ogbesse Forest Reserve

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.2 Wood & pulp plantations	High (more than 70% of population affected)	The site has been completely logged and cleared for farms and teak and gmelina plantations (Greengrass 2006).	Ongoing (2006)
4 Transportation & service corridors	4.1 Roads & railroads	High (more than 70% of population affected)	A road runs through the reserve to Ise Town (Greengrass 2006).	Ongoing (2006)
5 Biological resource use	5.3 Logging & wood harvesting	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Illegal logging (Greengrass 2006).	Ongoing (2006)
7 Natural system modifications	7.1 Fire & fire suppression	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Widespread burning to clear land (Greengrass 2006).	Ongoing (2006)

Threats

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Ogbesse Forest Reserve

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
	Not reported

Challenges

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Ogbesse Forest Reserve

Enablers	Specific enablers	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Enablers

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Ogbesse Forest Reserve

Category	Behavior	Observation type	Prevalence	Observation dates	Source	Habituation	Species	Comment
	Not reported

Behaviours

Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Ogbesse Forest Reserve

Value	1981-2010	2021-2050, RCP 2.6	2021-2050, RCP 6.0	2071-2099, RCP 2.6	2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [C]	26	27.1	26.9	27.3	28.4
Annual precipitation [mm]	1582	1605	1618	1576	1641
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)	37.8	44.5	45.6	45.1	47.4
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)	6	10.2	9.6	10	10.8

Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Ogbesse Forest Reserve

Type	No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)	% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)	No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)	% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)	No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)	% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)	No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)	% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure	5	0.67	8.5	0.97	3.5	1.59	18	1.15
Drought	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heatwave	3	100	4	100	1.5	100	7	100
River flood	0.5	0.01	0.75	0.38	0.5	0.58	2.5	0.96
Tropical cyclone	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wildfire	30	0.5	30	0.49	29	0.5	29	0.5

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  Precipitation anomaly in Ogbesse Forest Reserve

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  Temperature anomaly in Ogbesse Forest Reserve

References

Greengrass, E.J. (2006). A survey of chimpanzees in south-west Nigeria. Report to the NCF-WCS Biodiversity Research Programme. link

Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345. doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345

Page created by: APES Atlas Team Date: 2023-03-03