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* Key threats to bonobos are logging and wood harvesting.
* Key threats to bonobos are logging and wood harvesting.
* Conservation activities have focused on the implementation of a REDD+ project.
* Conservation activities have focused on the implementation of a REDD+ project.




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|-
|-
|''Pan paniscus''
|''Pan paniscus''
|2007-2009
|Present
|0.02
|
|
|
|
|~6,900 km² (30% of Sankuru Nature Reserve)
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|
|[[#R01652|Liengola et al. 2009]]
|
|
|
|COD0202
|Sankuru Nature Reserve
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


Line 94: Line 90:
!Year of threat
!Year of threat
|-
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|1 Residential & commercial development
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|1.1 Residential areas
|Present (unknown severity)
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Forest loss in the region ([https://www.globalforestwatch.org/ Global Forest Watch]).
|Concentrated near towns and along roads crossing the reserve; leads to habitat fragmentation and reduced food plant availability for bonobos ([[#R01653|Nyembo et al. 2020]], [[#R01652|Liengola et al. 2009]]).
|Ongoing (2023)
|2000,2010-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|2.1.2 Small-holder farming
|Present (unknown severity)
|Present (unknown severity)
|In 2020, more than 1,500 km² of old-growth forest within Sankuru was reportedly burned - part of broader fires affecting Sankuru Province. The 2020 wildfires exacerbated habitat loss, raising serious concerns over the effectiveness of protection and enforcement inside Sankuru ([https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/l-a-sized-tract-of-primary-forest-went-up-in-flames-in-drc-province-in-2020/ Mongabay 2020]).
|Expansion of agriculture reported within and around reserve ([[#R01652|Liengola et al. 2009]]). Smallholder, low-input agriculture causing forest conversion ([[#R01651|Future Carbon International 2022]]).
|2020
|2001-Ongoing (2022)
|-
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1.3 Commercial bushmeat trade
|5.1.3 Commercial bushmeat trade
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Bushmeat hunting and commercial hunting pressure are reported, with organized hunting supplying the bushmeat trade and targeting bonobos, other primates, elephants, and various mammals. This has remained a major concern since the early days of the reserve (Bonobo Conservation Initiative 2007). Bonobo groups experience immediate and significant impacts, while the underground market trade continues (evidenced by a bonobo carcass found in Lomela, 2018) (Nyembo et al. 2020).
|Bushmeat hunting and commercial hunting pressure are reported ([[#R01652|Liengola et al. 2009]]), with organized hunting supplying the bushmeat trade and targeting bonobos, other primates, elephants, and various mammals. This has remained a major concern since the early days of the reserve ([[#R01650|Bonobo Conservation Initiative 2007]]). Bonobo groups experience immediate and significant impacts, while the underground market trade continues (evidenced by a bonobo carcass found in Lomela, 2018) ([[#R01653|Nyembo et al. 2020]]). The reserve suffers from continuous deforestation and hunting of wild animals. From 2001 to
|2007-Ongoing (2018)
2021 ([[#R01651|Future Carbon International 2022]]).
|2001-Ongoing (2022)
|-
|-
|1 Residential & commercial development
|5 Biological resource use
|1.1 Residential areas
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Concentrated near towns and along roads crossing the reserve; leads to habitat fragmentation and reduced food plant availability for bonobos (Nyembo et al. 2020).
|Forest loss in the region ([[#R02010|Global Forest Watch]]). Since 2001, the main drivers of forest degradation in the DRC are slash-and-burn agriculture, followed by
|2000,2010-Ongoing (2018)
logging, charcoal production and artisanal loggers ([[#R01651|Future Carbon International 2022]]).
|2001-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|Present (unknown severity)
|In 2020, more than 1,500 km² of old-growth forest within Sankuru was reportedly burned - part of broader fires affecting Sankuru Province. The 2020 wildfires exacerbated habitat loss, raising serious concerns over the effectiveness of protection and enforcement inside Sankuru ([[#R02011|Mongabay 2020]]). Slash and burning forests reported ([[#R01651|Future Carbon International 2022]]).
|2020-Ongoing (2022)
|}
|}


Line 132: Line 136:
!Implementing organization(s)
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
!Year of activity
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site is a protected area, a nature reserve established through a partnership between the government, the Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI), and local communities, including its Congolese partner ACOPRIK ([[#R01650|Bonobo Conservation Initiative 2007]]).
|Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI), local communities, Congolese partner ACOPRIK, DRC government
|2007-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
|Sankuru is the recipient of the first REDD+ (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation) contract in the DRC, indicating its vital role in pioneering a new paradigm for community-led conservation. In addition to combating climate change, the REDD+ aims to protect ecosystem diversity and helps to ensure the livelihoods and welfare of the local people ([https://www.bonobo.org/programs/sankurunature-reserve BCI]).
|Sankuru is the recipient of the first REDD+ (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation) contract in the DRC, indicating its vital role in pioneering a new paradigm for community-led conservation. In addition to combating climate change, the REDD+ aims to protect ecosystem diversity and helps to ensure the livelihoods and welfare of the local people ([[#R02060|BCI]], [[#R01651|Future Carbon International 2022]]).
|Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI)
|Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI), local communities, Congolese partner ACOPRIK, DRC government
|Unknown
|2022-Ongoing (2025)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site is a protected area, a nature reserve established through a partnership between the government, the Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI), and local communities, including its Congolese partner ACOPRIK (Bonobo Conservation Initiative 2007).
|Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI), local communities, including its Congolese partner ACOPRIK, and the DRC government
|2007-Ongoing (2025)
|}
|}


Line 158: Line 162:
!Source
!Source
!Year(s)
!Year(s)
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|6.1 Political/economic instabilty
|Nyembo et al. 2020
|2006
|-
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|Nyembo et al. 2020
|[[#R01653|Nyembo et al. 2020]]
|Ongoing (2020)
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|6.1 Political/economic instability
|[[#R01653|Nyembo et al. 2020]]
|2006
|}
|}


Line 194: Line 198:
|-
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3 Engaged community
|
|3.6 Local community engagement and support
|
|[https://www.bonobo.org/programs/sankurunature-reserve BCI]
|
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4 Institutional support
|
|4.2 Strong government support
|
|[[#R01652|Liengola et al. 2009]]
|
|Ongoing (2009)
|-
|-
|5 Ecological context
|5 Ecological context
Line 252: Line 256:
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
= Exposure to climate change impacts =


As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. subm. extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02312|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.


The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (see Kiribou et al. subm. for details).
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02312|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).


'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Sankuru Nature Reserve'''
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Sankuru Nature Reserve'''
Line 379: Line 383:
= References =
= References =


Bonobo Conservation Initiative. (2007, November 19). Rainforest reserve established in DR Congo to save bonobo. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2007/11/rainforest-reserve-established-in-dr-congo-to-save-bonobo/ <br>
<span id="R01650"></span>Bonobo Conservation Initiative. (2007, November 19). Rainforest reserve established in DR Congo to save bonobo. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2007/11/rainforest-reserve-established-in-dr-congo-to-save-bonobo/
Nyembo, F., Mertens, B., Cherif, M., & Koné, I. (2020). Menaces d’origine anthropique et habitat de Pan paniscus dans la Réserve Naturelle de Sankuru, en République démocratique du Congo. HAL — Centre pour la communication scientifique ouverte. https://hal.science/hal-03285049/document <br>


<span id="R01651"></span>Future Carbon International LLC. (2022). Sankuru Peace Forest grouped REDD project (Version 1.0; VCS Version 4.1) [Project description]. Future Carbon International.
<span id="R01652"></span>Liengola, I., Vosper, A., Maisels, F., Bonyenge, A., & Nkumu, P. (2009). Conserving bonobos in the last unexplored forest of the Democratic Republic of Congo–the Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba Landscape [Unpublished report]. Wildlife Conservation Society.
<span id="R01653"></span>Nyembo, F., Mertens, B., Cherif, M., & Koné, I. (2020). Menaces d’origine anthropique et habitat de Pan paniscus dans la Réserve Naturelle de Sankuru, en République démocratique du Congo. HAL—Centre pour la communication scientifique ouverte. https://hal.science/hal-03285049/document
<span id="R02312"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]
<span id="R02010"></span>Global Forest Watch. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/
<span id="R02011"></span>Mongabay 2020. https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/l-a-sized-tract-of-primary-forest-went-up-in-flames-in-drc-province-in-2020/
<span id="R02060"></span>BCI. https://www.bonobo.org/programs/sankurunature-reserve






'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-02-27
'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-02-27
'''Page updated by: '''Aime Mizero''' Date:''' 2026-06-02

Latest revision as of 17:54, 15 October 2026

Central Africa > Democratic Republic of the Congo > Sankuru Nature Reserve

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Summary

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  • Bonobos (Pan paniscus) are present in Sankuru Nature Reserve.
  • The population size is unknown.
  • The population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 30,570 km².
  • Key threats to bonobos are logging and wood harvesting.
  • Conservation activities have focused on the implementation of a REDD+ project.


Site characteristics

The Sankuru Nature Reserve is located in central Democratic Republic of Congo. The diversity of wildlife in Sankuru is remarkable; in addition to the bonobo, other species of conservation concern found at the site include the okapi (Okapia johnstoni), and at least 10 other species of primates, including the rare owl faced monkey and blue monkey. Sankuru also contains elephants, which have been hunted out in many other areas of the Congo forest (BCI).
At 30,570 square kilometers (11,800 square miles), the Sankuru Nature Reserve is the world’s largest continuous protected area for great apes. This important site began at the grassroots level with local communities and is the first large-scale reserve in Congo to be co-managed by the indigenous people. In addition to protecting great apes, this reserve is also a vital part of our environmental initiatives: REDD+, watershed protection, and species conservation (BCI 2024).

Table 1. Basic site information for Sankuru Nature Reserve

Species Pan paniscus
Area 30,570 km²
Coordinates Lat: -2.675223 , Lon: 24.334955
Type of site Protected area (Nature Reserve)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest
Type of governance Shared governance

Types of sites Governance types Habitat types

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Sankuru Nature Reserve

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan paniscus 2007-2009 Present 0.02 ~6,900 km² (30% of Sankuru Nature Reserve) Reconnaissance walk Liengola et al. 2009 COD0202

Sampling methods Analytical frameworks

Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Sankuru Nature Reserve

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development 1.1 Residential areas High (more than 70% of population affected) Concentrated near towns and along roads crossing the reserve; leads to habitat fragmentation and reduced food plant availability for bonobos (Nyembo et al. 2020, Liengola et al. 2009). 2000,2010-Ongoing (2018)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1.2 Small-holder farming Present (unknown severity) Expansion of agriculture reported within and around reserve (Liengola et al. 2009). Smallholder, low-input agriculture causing forest conversion (Future Carbon International 2022). 2001-Ongoing (2022)
5 Biological resource use 5.1.3 Commercial bushmeat trade High (more than 70% of population affected) Bushmeat hunting and commercial hunting pressure are reported (Liengola et al. 2009), with organized hunting supplying the bushmeat trade and targeting bonobos, other primates, elephants, and various mammals. This has remained a major concern since the early days of the reserve (Bonobo Conservation Initiative 2007). Bonobo groups experience immediate and significant impacts, while the underground market trade continues (evidenced by a bonobo carcass found in Lomela, 2018) (Nyembo et al. 2020). The reserve suffers from continuous deforestation and hunting of wild animals. From 2001 to

2021 (Future Carbon International 2022).

2001-Ongoing (2022)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High (more than 70% of population affected) Forest loss in the region (Global Forest Watch). Since 2001, the main drivers of forest degradation in the DRC are slash-and-burn agriculture, followed by

logging, charcoal production and artisanal loggers (Future Carbon International 2022).

2001-Ongoing (2023)
7 Natural system modifications 7.1 Fire & fire suppression Present (unknown severity) In 2020, more than 1,500 km² of old-growth forest within Sankuru was reportedly burned - part of broader fires affecting Sankuru Province. The 2020 wildfires exacerbated habitat loss, raising serious concerns over the effectiveness of protection and enforcement inside Sankuru (Mongabay 2020). Slash and burning forests reported (Future Carbon International 2022). 2020-Ongoing (2022)

Threats

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Sankuru Nature Reserve

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat The site is a protected area, a nature reserve established through a partnership between the government, the Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI), and local communities, including its Congolese partner ACOPRIK (Bonobo Conservation Initiative 2007). Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI), local communities, Congolese partner ACOPRIK, DRC government 2007-Ongoing (2026)
7 Economic & other incentives 7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment) Sankuru is the recipient of the first REDD+ (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation) contract in the DRC, indicating its vital role in pioneering a new paradigm for community-led conservation. In addition to combating climate change, the REDD+ aims to protect ecosystem diversity and helps to ensure the livelihoods and welfare of the local people (BCI, Future Carbon International 2022). Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI), local communities, Congolese partner ACOPRIK, DRC government 2022-Ongoing (2025)

Conservation activities

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Sankuru Nature Reserve

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
4 Institutional support 4.1 Lack of law enforcement Nyembo et al. 2020 Ongoing (2020)
6 Safety and stability 6.1 Political/economic instability Nyembo et al. 2020 2006

Challenges

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Sankuru Nature Reserve

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community 3.6 Local community engagement and support BCI Ongoing (2025)
4 Institutional support 4.2 Strong government support Liengola et al. 2009 Ongoing (2009)
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Enablers

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Sankuru Nature Reserve

Category Behavior Observation type Prevalence Observation dates Source Habituation Species Comment
Not reported

Behaviours

Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Sankuru Nature Reserve

Value 1981-2010 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [C] 24.6 25.8 25.7 26.1 27.1
Annual precipitation [mm] 1750 1717 1743 1736 1779
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) 12.2 21.1 20.7 24.8 19.6
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) 6.7 10.1 10 10.8 12.1


Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Sankuru Nature Reserve

Type No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure 13 0.06 11 0.01 11.5 0.04 26.5 0.04
Drought 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heatwave 7 40.18 5.5 23.33 7.5 56.77 18.5 46.35
River flood 4.75 0.06 3 0.22 4 0.17 5 0.45
Tropical cyclone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wildfire 30 0.72 30 0.7 29 0.8 29 0.64


  • Precipitation anomaly in Sankuru Nature Reserve
  • Temperature anomaly in Sankuru Nature Reserve

External links

BCI
L.A.-sized tract of primary forest went up in flames in DRC province in 2020-MONGABAY
Rainforest Reserve Established in DR Congo to save bonobo-MONGABAY 2007

References

Bonobo Conservation Initiative. (2007, November 19). Rainforest reserve established in DR Congo to save bonobo. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2007/11/rainforest-reserve-established-in-dr-congo-to-save-bonobo/

Future Carbon International LLC. (2022). Sankuru Peace Forest grouped REDD project (Version 1.0; VCS Version 4.1) [Project description]. Future Carbon International.

Liengola, I., Vosper, A., Maisels, F., Bonyenge, A., & Nkumu, P. (2009). Conserving bonobos in the last unexplored forest of the Democratic Republic of Congo–the Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba Landscape [Unpublished report]. Wildlife Conservation Society.

Nyembo, F., Mertens, B., Cherif, M., & Koné, I. (2020). Menaces d’origine anthropique et habitat de Pan paniscus dans la Réserve Naturelle de Sankuru, en République démocratique du Congo. HAL—Centre pour la communication scientifique ouverte. https://hal.science/hal-03285049/document

Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345. doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345

Global Forest Watch. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/

Mongabay 2020. https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/l-a-sized-tract-of-primary-forest-went-up-in-flames-in-drc-province-in-2020/

BCI. https://www.bonobo.org/programs/sankurunature-reserve


Page created by: APES Atlas Team Date: 2023-02-27

Page updated by: Aime Mizero Date: 2026-06-02

Retrieved from "https://apesatlas.iucnapesportal.org/index.php?title=Sankuru_Nature_Reserve&oldid=4613"