UFA 10-063 ZICGC3

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Summary

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• Central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) & western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are present in UFA 10-063_ZICGC3 (Forest Management Unit).
• In 2018, the great ape population was estimated at 2,546 (1,626-3,985) individuals.
• The population trends are unknown.

Site characteristics

The site exhibits notable ecological dynamics, particularly concerning elephant populations and primate species. Over time, elephant densities have increased between 2015 and 2018. The site supports diverse wildlife, including chimpanzees, gorillas, and various duiker species. However, the distribution of elephants and other species has shifted over time, due to anthropogenic pressures such as hunting and habitat modification. The habitat consists of primary and secondary forests, swamps, and human-altered landscapes, making it a crucial area for conservation. Human activities have influenced species movement, emphasizing the need for targeted conservation efforts to mitigate habitat fragmentation and ensure sustainable wildlife populations (Beukou et al. 2019).

Table 1. Basic site information for UFA 10-063_ZICGC3

Species	Pan troglodytes troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla gorilla
Area	838.18 km²
Coordinates	Lat: 2.235082 , Lon: 15.614917
Type of site	Logging concession and community managed hunting interest zone
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest
Type of governance

Types of sites Governance types Habitat types

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for UFA 10-063_ZICGC3

Species	Year	Occurrence	Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Survey area	Sampling method	Analytical framework	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Gorilla gorilla gorilla	2018			1.50 (0.92-2.43)	1,254 (772-2,038)	UFA 10-063_ZICGC3 (83.21 km²)	Line transects	Distance sampling with adopted decay time	Beukou et al. 2019, WWF Cameroon		CMR0058, CMR0128 CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153
Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla	2015			1.66 (1.06-2.60)	1,387 (885-2,175)	UFA 10-063_ZICGC3 (83.21 km²)	Line transects	Distance sampling with adopted decay time	Beukou et al. 2019, WWF Cameroon		CMR0058, CMR0128 CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153
Gorilla gorilla gorilla	2015			2.10 (1.39-3.21)	2,444 (1,607-3716)	UFA 10-063_ZICGC3 (83.21 km²)	Line transects	Distance sampling with adopted decay time	Beukou et al. 2019, WWF Cameroon		CMR0058, CMR0128 CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153
Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla	2018			3.03 (1.94-4.75)	2,546 (1,626-3,985)	UFA 10-063_ZICGC3 (83.21 km²)	Line transects	Distance sampling with adopted decay time	Beukou et al. 2019, WWF Cameroon		CMR0058, CMR0128 CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153

Sampling methods Analytical frameworks

Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for UFA 10-063_ZICGC3

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
3 Energy production & mining	3.2 Mining & quarrying	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Mining on the periphery of the park destroys or disturbs the natural wildlife habitats (Beukou et al. 2019).	2002-Ongoing (2018)
4 Transportation & service corridors	4.1 Roads & railroads	Present (unknown severity)	Presence of roads and railroads around the periphery zone (UFA10-063_ZICGC3) of the Lobeke NP (Beukou et al. 2019).	Ongoing (2018)
5 Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	Medium (30-70% of population affected)	Hunting is present in the area (Beukou et al. 2019). Presence of sport hunting on the periphery of the park does not respect sustainable management principles (Beukou et al. 2019).	2002-Ongoing (2018)
5 Biological resource use	5.3 Logging & wood harvesting	High (more than 70% of population affected)	The presence of human activities, such as logging, threatens the integrity of forest habitats of the Lobeke landscape (Beukou et al. 2019).	2015-Ongoing (2018)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance	6.3 Other human disturbances	High (more than 70% of population affected)	The illegal circulation of war weapons in the TNS landscape intensifies the high poaching of elephants for ivory trade as well as gorilla and chimpanzees although elephants remain the main target during this survey years. More over, traps, cartridge cases, camp sites are present pose threats to this site (Beukou et al. 2019).	2002-Ongoing (2018)

Threats

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for UFA 10-063_ZICGC3

Category	Specific activity	Description	Implementing organization(s)	Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols	During data collection, teams led by eco-guards assisted by military personnel consistently covered the study area. resulting in the seizure of 14 weapons (13 12-gauge & 01 AK47), 211 rounds of AKA 47 ammunition and more than 2,500 steel wire booby traps dismantled. Although the principal objectif was not to combat poaching. A significant number of seizures of poaching materials were also recorded during the reconnaissance walks carried out in 2016 in Lobeke NP and its peripheral zone (UFA10-063_ZICGC3) in 2015.	WWF Cameroon Country Program and Lobeke National Park Conservation Office	2015-Ongoing (2018)

Conservation activities

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for UFA 10-063_ZICGC3

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
2 Resources and capacity	2.2 Lack of staff	Beukou et al. 2019	2015-Ongoing (2018)
2 Resources and capacity	2.6 Lack of biomonitoring/survey data	Beukou et al. 2019	2000-Ongoing (2018)
3 Engaged community	3.1 General lack of community engagement or support	Beukou et al. 2019	2015-Ongoing (2018)
3 Engaged community	3.2 Lack of youth engagement	Beukou et al. 2019	2015-Ongoing (2018)
6 Safety and stability	6.2 Insecurity	Beukou et al. 2019	2015-Ongoing (2018)

Challenges

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for UFA 10-063_ZICGC3

Enablers	Specific enablers	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management	1.3 Adaptive management practices	Beukou et al. 2019	2015-Ongoing (2018)
2 Resources and capacity	2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources	Beukou et al. 2019	2015-Ongoing (2018)

Enablers

Research activities

Research activities in UFA 10-063/ZICGC 3 have focused primarily on the abundance, distribution, and habitat usage of great apes, including gorillas and chimpanzees, in the context of human impact and conservation strategies. Data collected through transects have recorded signs of human activities affecting species distribution, with notable declines in density compared to nearby protected areas like Lobeke National Park (Beukou et al. 2019).

Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in UFA 10-063_ZICGC3

Value	1981-2010	2021-2050, RCP 2.6	2021-2050, RCP 6.0	2071-2099, RCP 2.6	2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [C]	24.3	25.7	25.6	26	27
Annual precipitation [mm]	1434	1451	1477	1505	1486
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)	24.9	19.6	21.9	17.4	20.5
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)	6.5	7.7	8.9	7.9	9.7

Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in UFA 10-063_ZICGC3

Type	No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)	% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)	No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)	% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)	No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)	% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)	No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)	% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure	5.5	0	4	0	7.5	0	13.5	0
Drought	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heatwave	3	50	2.5	100	4	100	10.5	100
River flood	0	0	1.25	0.41	0.5	0.13	1	0.35
Tropical cyclone	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wildfire	30	0.67	30	0.67	29	0.44	29	0.62

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  Precipitation anomaly in UFA 10-063_ZICGC3

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  Temperature anomaly in UFA 10-063_ZICGC3

References

Beukou, B., Sombambo, M., Nzooh, Z., N'Goran, K. P., Hessana, D., Sebogo, L., & Mengamenya, A. (2019). Dynamique des populations de grands et moyens mammiferes dans le segment Cameroun du paysage Tri-National dela Sangha. WWF Report and MINFOP.

Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345. doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345

Page created by: Onella Mundi Date: 2024-11-25 10:07:00