Usala Forest: Difference between revisions
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* Important threats to great apes include illegal mining and the presence of armed groups. | * Important threats to great apes include illegal mining and the presence of armed groups. | ||
* Conservation activities are not documented. | * Conservation activities are not documented. | ||
= Site characteristics = | = Site characteristics = | ||
Usala forest lies to the east of [[Maiko National Park]], in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is among the most remote, intact, and inaccessible blocks of tropical rainforest remaining in Africa (Kümpel et al. 2015). The site is also important for the conservation of okapis (Kümpel et al. 2015). | Usala forest lies to the east of [[Maiko National Park]], in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is among the most remote, intact, and inaccessible blocks of tropical rainforest remaining in Africa ([[#R01864|Kümpel et al. 2015]]). The site is also important for the conservation of okapis ([[#R01864|Kümpel et al. 2015]]). | ||
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Usala Forest''' | '''Table 1. Basic site information for Usala Forest''' | ||
| Line 44: | Line 41: | ||
[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]] | [[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]] | ||
= Ape status = | = Ape status = | ||
Survey results suggest that between 2007 and 2014, the gorilla population in Usala remained relatively stable (Nixon et al. 2015). | Survey results suggest that between 2007 and 2014, the gorilla population in Usala remained relatively stable ([[#R01865|Nixon et al. 2015]]). | ||
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Usala Forest''' | '''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Usala Forest''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|''Gorilla beringei graueri'' | |''Gorilla beringei graueri'' | ||
| | |2014 | ||
|Present | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Usala Forest (340 km²) | |||
|Usala Forest ( | |||
|Reconnaissance walk | |Reconnaissance walk | ||
| | | | ||
|Nixon et al. 2015 | |[[#R01865|Nixon et al. 2015]] | ||
| | |Survey effort: 200 km. 28 nest sites were encountered. | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''Gorilla beringei graueri'' | |''Gorilla beringei graueri'' | ||
| | |2007 | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Usala Forest ( | |240-410 | ||
|Usala Forest (850 km²) | |||
|Reconnaissance walk | |Reconnaissance walk | ||
| | | | ||
|Nixon et al. 2015 | |[[#R01865|Nixon et al. 2015]] | ||
| | |Assessment led by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International. 34 nest sites and large gorilla groups were encountered. Abundance estimate is tentative. Survey effort: 240 km. | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]] | [[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]] | ||
= Threats = | = Threats = | ||
| Line 106: | Line 105: | ||
|3.2 Mining & quarrying | |3.2 Mining & quarrying | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Presence of armed groups involved in illegal mining activities (Kümpel et al. 2015). | |Presence of armed groups involved in illegal mining activities ([[#R01864|Kümpel et al. 2015]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2015) | |Ongoing (2015) | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[Threats]] | [[Threats]] | ||
= Conservation activities = | = Conservation activities = | ||
| Line 117: | Line 118: | ||
= Challenges = | = Challenges = | ||
Widespread presence of armed groups and illegal mining operations present serious challenges for the implementation of conservation activities (Kümpel et al. 2015). | Widespread presence of armed groups and illegal mining operations present serious challenges for the implementation of conservation activities ([[#R01864|Kümpel et al. 2015]]). | ||
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Usala Forest''' | '''Table 5. Challenges reported for Usala Forest''' | ||
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|6 Safety and stability | |6 Safety and stability | ||
|6.3 Civil unrest/war | |6.3 Civil unrest/war | ||
|Kümpel et al. 2015 | |[[#R01864|Kümpel et al. 2015]] | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[Challenges]] | [[Challenges]] | ||
= Enablers = | = Enablers = | ||
| Line 176: | Line 178: | ||
[[Enablers]] | [[Enablers]] | ||
= Research activities = | = Research activities = | ||
Nixon, S.C., Mufabule, K., Eliba, A. & Patule, I.M. 2007. A prospection survey of the Usala Forest and proposed Usala Community Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. Unpublished report submitted to DFGI, Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Goma, DRC. Available at http://fondationkumu.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/usalaprospection-2007.pdf | Nixon, S.C., Mufabule, K., Eliba, A. & Patule, I.M. 2007. A prospection survey of the Usala Forest and proposed Usala Community Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. Unpublished report submitted to DFGI, Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Goma, DRC. Available at http://fondationkumu.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/usalaprospection-2007.pdf | ||
= Documented behaviours = | = Documented behaviours = | ||
| Line 208: | Line 212: | ||
[[Behaviours]] | [[Behaviours]] | ||
= Exposure to climate change impacts = | = Exposure to climate change impacts = | ||
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. | As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02335|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. | ||
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ( | The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02335|Kiribou et al. 2024]]). | ||
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Usala Forest''' | '''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Usala Forest''' | ||
| Line 247: | Line 252: | ||
|7.1 | |7.1 | ||
|7.5 | |7.5 | ||
|8. | |8.3 | ||
|8.1 | |8.1 | ||
|11.8 | |11.8 | ||
| Line 323: | Line 328: | ||
|0.47 | |0.47 | ||
|29 | |29 | ||
|0. | |0.28 | ||
|} | |} | ||
<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Usala_Forest.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Usala Forest]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Usala_Forest.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Usala Forest]] </li></ul></div> | |||
= External links = | = External links = | ||
| Line 333: | Line 340: | ||
= References = | = References = | ||
Nixon, S., Kaghoma, C. & Vyalengerera, M. (2015). The status of Grauer’s gorilla in the Usala Forest. Gorilla Journal (Journal of Berggorilla and Regenwald Direkthilfe) 50. | <span id="R01864"></span>Kümpel, N. F., Quinn, A., Queslin, E., Grange, S., Mallon, D. & Mapilanga, J-J. (2015). Okapi (Okapia johnstoni): Conservation Strategy and Status Review. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN and Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN). pp. 58 | ||
<span id="R01865"></span>Nixon, S., Kaghoma, C. & Vyalengerera, M. (2015). The status of Grauer’s gorilla in the Usala Forest. Gorilla Journal (Journal of Berggorilla and Regenwald Direkthilfe) 50. [https://berggorilla.org/en/home/news-archive/article-view/the-status-of-grauers-gorilla-in-the-usala-forest link] | |||
<span id="R02335"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345] | |||
'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2020-12-29 | '''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2020-12-29 | ||
Latest revision as of 17:55, 15 October 2026
Central Africa > Democratic Republic of the Congo > Usala Forest
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Summary
- Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) & Grauer's gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri) are present in Usala Forest.
- In 2007, the gorilla population was estimated to range between 240 to 410 individuals. The chimpanzee population is unknown.
- The gorilla population trend is stable; the chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
- The site has a total size of 3,500 km².
- Important threats to great apes include illegal mining and the presence of armed groups.
- Conservation activities are not documented.
Site characteristics
Usala forest lies to the east of Maiko National Park, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is among the most remote, intact, and inaccessible blocks of tropical rainforest remaining in Africa (Kümpel et al. 2015). The site is also important for the conservation of okapis (Kümpel et al. 2015).
Table 1. Basic site information for Usala Forest
| Species | Gorilla beringei graueri |
| Area | 3,500 km² |
| Coordinates | Lat: -0.5275 , Lon: 28.2898 |
| Type of site | Non-protected area |
| Habitat types | Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest |
| Type of governance |
Types of sites Governance types Habitat types
Ape status
Survey results suggest that between 2007 and 2014, the gorilla population in Usala remained relatively stable (Nixon et al. 2015).
Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Usala Forest
| Species | Year | Occurrence | Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) | Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) | Abundance estimate (95% CI) | Survey area | Sampling method | Analytical framework | Source | Comments | A.P.E.S. database ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gorilla beringei graueri | 2014 | Present | Usala Forest (340 km²) | Reconnaissance walk | Nixon et al. 2015 | Survey effort: 200 km. 28 nest sites were encountered. | |||||
| Gorilla beringei graueri | 2007 | 240-410 | Usala Forest (850 km²) | Reconnaissance walk | Nixon et al. 2015 | Assessment led by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International. 34 nest sites and large gorilla groups were encountered. Abundance estimate is tentative. Survey effort: 240 km. |
Sampling methods Analytical frameworks
Threats
Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Usala Forest
| Category | Specific threats | Threat level | Description | Year of threat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 Energy production & mining | 3.2 Mining & quarrying | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Presence of armed groups involved in illegal mining activities (Kümpel et al. 2015). | Ongoing (2015) |
Conservation activities
Challenges
Widespread presence of armed groups and illegal mining operations present serious challenges for the implementation of conservation activities (Kümpel et al. 2015).
Table 5. Challenges reported for Usala Forest
| Challenges | Specific challenges | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 Safety and stability | 6.3 Civil unrest/war | Kümpel et al. 2015 |
Enablers
Table 6. Enablers reported for Usala Forest
| Enablers | Specific enablers | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Site management | |||
| 2 Resources and capacity | |||
| 3 Engaged community | |||
| 4 Institutional support | |||
| 5 Ecological context | |||
| 6 Safety and stability |
Research activities
Nixon, S.C., Mufabule, K., Eliba, A. & Patule, I.M. 2007. A prospection survey of the Usala Forest and proposed Usala Community Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. Unpublished report submitted to DFGI, Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Goma, DRC. Available at http://fondationkumu.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/usalaprospection-2007.pdf
Documented behaviours
Table 7. Behaviours documented for Usala Forest
| Category | Behavior | Observation type | Prevalence | Observation dates | Source | Habituation | Species | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not reported |
Exposure to climate change impacts
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Usala Forest
| Value | 1981-2010 | 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 | 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 | 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 | 2071-2099, RCP 6.0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean temperature [C] | 22.8 | 24 | 23.7 | 24.2 | 25.3 |
| Annual precipitation [mm] | 1648 | 1637 | 1699 | 1599 | 1729 |
| Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) | 5.8 | 11.4 | 12 | 15.5 | 13.1 |
| No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) | 7.1 | 7.5 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 11.8 |
Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Usala Forest
| Type | No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) | % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) | No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) | % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) | No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) | % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) | No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) | % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crop failure | 4 | 0 | 3.5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 16.5 | 0 |
| Drought | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Heatwave | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 | 100 |
| River flood | 2 | 1.04 | 2.75 | 2.04 | 1.75 | 1 | 5.5 | 2.4 |
| Tropical cyclone | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Wildfire | 30 | 0.39 | 30 | 0.38 | 29 | 0.47 | 29 | 0.28 |
-
Precipitation anomaly in Usala Forest -
Temperature anomaly in Usala Forest
External links
References
Kümpel, N. F., Quinn, A., Queslin, E., Grange, S., Mallon, D. & Mapilanga, J-J. (2015). Okapi (Okapia johnstoni): Conservation Strategy and Status Review. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN and Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN). pp. 58
Nixon, S., Kaghoma, C. & Vyalengerera, M. (2015). The status of Grauer’s gorilla in the Usala Forest. Gorilla Journal (Journal of Berggorilla and Regenwald Direkthilfe) 50. link
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345. doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345
Page created by: APES Atlas Team Date: 2020-12-29