Ogbesse Forest Reserve: Difference between revisions
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= Site characteristics = | = Site characteristics = | ||
The Ogbesse Forest Reserve is located close to the Ekiti state capital of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. The reserve has been completely logged and cleared for farms and teak and gmelina plantations (Greengrass 2006). | The Ogbesse Forest Reserve is located close to the Ekiti state capital of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. The reserve has been completely logged and cleared for farms and teak and gmelina plantations ([[#R01457|Greengrass 2006]]). | ||
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ogbesse Forest Reserve''' | '''Table 1. Basic site information for Ogbesse Forest Reserve''' | ||
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= Ape status = | = Ape status = | ||
Chimpanzees have not been sighted in the reserve since 1996; it is certain from the unsuitable habitat that they are extinct now. The reserve is small in size, its location close to the state capital and a road runs through it to Ise Town; these are probably all factors that have contributed to the quick over-exploitation of its natural resources (Greengrass 2006). | Chimpanzees have not been sighted in the reserve since 1996; it is certain from the unsuitable habitat that they are extinct now. The reserve is small in size, its location close to the state capital and a road runs through it to Ise Town; these are probably all factors that have contributed to the quick over-exploitation of its natural resources ([[#R01457|Greengrass 2006]]). | ||
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Ogbesse Forest Reserve''' | '''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Ogbesse Forest Reserve''' | ||
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|Reconnaissance walk | |Reconnaissance walk | ||
| | | | ||
|Greengrass 2006 | |[[#R01457|Greengrass 2006]] | ||
|Chimpanzees not seen here since 1996 | |Chimpanzees not seen here since 1996 | ||
| | | | ||
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|2.2 Wood & pulp plantations | |2.2 Wood & pulp plantations | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|The site has been completely logged and cleared for farms and teak and gmelina plantations (Greengrass 2006). | |The site has been completely logged and cleared for farms and teak and gmelina plantations ([[#R01457|Greengrass 2006]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2006) | |Ongoing (2006) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|4.1 Roads & railroads | |4.1 Roads & railroads | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|A road runs through the reserve to Ise Town (Greengrass 2006). | |A road runs through the reserve to Ise Town ([[#R01457|Greengrass 2006]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2006) | |Ongoing (2006) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting | |5.3 Logging & wood harvesting | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Illegal logging (Greengrass 2006). | |Illegal logging ([[#R01457|Greengrass 2006]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2006) | |Ongoing (2006) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|7.1 Fire & fire suppression | |7.1 Fire & fire suppression | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Widespread burning to clear land (Greengrass 2006). | |Widespread burning to clear land ([[#R01457|Greengrass 2006]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2006) | |Ongoing (2006) | ||
|} | |} | ||
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= Exposure to climate change impacts = | = Exposure to climate change impacts = | ||
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. | As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02292|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. | ||
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ( | The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02292|Kiribou et al. 2024]]). | ||
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Ogbesse Forest Reserve''' | '''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Ogbesse Forest Reserve''' | ||
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= References = | = References = | ||
Greengrass, E.J. (2006). A survey of chimpanzees in south-west Nigeria. Report to the NCF-WCS Biodiversity Research Programme. | <span id="R01457"></span>Greengrass, E.J. (2006). A survey of chimpanzees in south-west Nigeria. Report to the NCF-WCS Biodiversity Research Programme. [http://cameroun-foret.com/system/files/18_13_132.pdf link] | ||
<span id="R02292"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345] | |||
'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-03-03 | '''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-03-03 | ||
Latest revision as of 17:54, 15 October 2026
West Africa > Nigeria > Ogbesse Forest Reserve
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Summary
- Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti) are absent in Ogbesse Forest Reserve.
- Chimpanzees have not been seen in the reserve since 1996.
- The site has a total size of 73 km².
- Key threats to chimpanzees are logging, hunting, and clearing forest for agriculture and hardwood plantations.
- Conservation activities are not documented.
Site characteristics
The Ogbesse Forest Reserve is located close to the Ekiti state capital of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. The reserve has been completely logged and cleared for farms and teak and gmelina plantations (Greengrass 2006).
Table 1. Basic site information for Ogbesse Forest Reserve
| Species | Pan troglodytes ellioti |
| Area | 73 km² |
| Coordinates | Lat: 7.550617 , Lon: 5.359618 |
| Type of site | Protected area (Forest Reserve) |
| Habitat types | Agricultural land, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest |
| Type of governance |
Types of sites Governance types Habitat types
Ape status
Chimpanzees have not been sighted in the reserve since 1996; it is certain from the unsuitable habitat that they are extinct now. The reserve is small in size, its location close to the state capital and a road runs through it to Ise Town; these are probably all factors that have contributed to the quick over-exploitation of its natural resources (Greengrass 2006).
Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Ogbesse Forest Reserve
| Species | Year | Occurrence | Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) | Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) | Abundance estimate (95% CI) | Survey area | Sampling method | Analytical framework | Source | Comments | A.P.E.S. database ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pan troglodytes ellioti | 2006 | 0 | Ogbesse Forest Reserve | Reconnaissance walk | Greengrass 2006 | Chimpanzees not seen here since 1996 |
Sampling methods Analytical frameworks
Threats
Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Ogbesse Forest Reserve
| Category | Specific threats | Threat level | Description | Year of threat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 Agriculture & aquaculture | 2.2 Wood & pulp plantations | High (more than 70% of population affected) | The site has been completely logged and cleared for farms and teak and gmelina plantations (Greengrass 2006). | Ongoing (2006) |
| 4 Transportation & service corridors | 4.1 Roads & railroads | High (more than 70% of population affected) | A road runs through the reserve to Ise Town (Greengrass 2006). | Ongoing (2006) |
| 5 Biological resource use | 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Illegal logging (Greengrass 2006). | Ongoing (2006) |
| 7 Natural system modifications | 7.1 Fire & fire suppression | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Widespread burning to clear land (Greengrass 2006). | Ongoing (2006) |
Conservation activities
Challenges
Table 5. Challenges reported for Ogbesse Forest Reserve
| Challenges | Specific challenges | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Not reported |
Enablers
Table 6. Enablers reported for Ogbesse Forest Reserve
| Enablers | Specific enablers | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Site management | |||
| 2 Resources and capacity | |||
| 3 Engaged community | |||
| 4 Institutional support | |||
| 5 Ecological context | |||
| 6 Safety and stability |
Research activities
Documented behaviours
Table 7. Behaviours documented for Ogbesse Forest Reserve
| Category | Behavior | Observation type | Prevalence | Observation dates | Source | Habituation | Species | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not reported |
Exposure to climate change impacts
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Ogbesse Forest Reserve
| Value | 1981-2010 | 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 | 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 | 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 | 2071-2099, RCP 6.0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean temperature [C] | 26 | 27.1 | 26.9 | 27.3 | 28.4 |
| Annual precipitation [mm] | 1582 | 1605 | 1618 | 1576 | 1641 |
| Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) | 37.8 | 44.5 | 45.6 | 45.1 | 47.4 |
| No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) | 6 | 10.2 | 9.6 | 10 | 10.8 |
Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Ogbesse Forest Reserve
| Type | No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) | % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) | No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) | % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) | No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) | % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) | No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) | % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crop failure | 5 | 0.67 | 8.5 | 0.97 | 3.5 | 1.59 | 18 | 1.15 |
| Drought | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Heatwave | 3 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 1.5 | 100 | 7 | 100 |
| River flood | 0.5 | 0.01 | 0.75 | 0.38 | 0.5 | 0.58 | 2.5 | 0.96 |
| Tropical cyclone | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Wildfire | 30 | 0.5 | 30 | 0.49 | 29 | 0.5 | 29 | 0.5 |
-
Precipitation anomaly in Ogbesse Forest Reserve -
Temperature anomaly in Ogbesse Forest Reserve
External links
References
Greengrass, E.J. (2006). A survey of chimpanzees in south-west Nigeria. Report to the NCF-WCS Biodiversity Research Programme. link
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345. doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345
Page created by: APES Atlas Team Date: 2023-03-03