Imbak-Kalabakan: Difference between revisions
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= Site characteristics = | = Site characteristics = | ||
The Imabalak-Kalabakan region is located in Malaysian Borneo, in the northeastern state of Sabah. The region comprises 2,175 sq.km of protected and 2,630 of unprotected areas (SWD 2020). The vegetation is characterised by a mixture of heath, lowland and upland mixed dipterocarp forests (Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019). Fragmented forests, such as the Brantian-Tantulit virgin jungle, the Ulu Kalumpang Forest Reserve, and oil palm and industrial tree plantations are found in the Kalabakan landscape, where land use continues to change (Phaik Imm et al. 2021). | The Imabalak-Kalabakan region is located in Malaysian Borneo, in the northeastern state of Sabah. The region comprises 2,175 sq.km of protected and 2,630 of unprotected areas ([[#R00771|SWD 2020]]). The vegetation is characterised by a mixture of heath, lowland and upland mixed dipterocarp forests ([[#R00772|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019]]). Fragmented forests, such as the Brantian-Tantulit virgin jungle, the Ulu Kalumpang Forest Reserve, and oil palm and industrial tree plantations are found in the Kalabakan landscape, where land use continues to change ([[#R00770|Phaik Imm et al. 2021]]). | ||
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Imbak-Kalabakan''' | '''Table 1. Basic site information for Imbak-Kalabakan''' | ||
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= Ape status = | = Ape status = | ||
A 2017 survey revealed an enormous increase in population size in 15 years, from 313 to 1,570 orangutans (Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019). The population has remained sparse and dispersed over a large area. These higher densities may reflect immigration from adjacent land areas where there has been substantial clearance of forest between the two surveys. The larger population estimate was also due to more intensive survey efforts, and a substantial but scattered orangutan population was probably underestimated in the past (Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019). | A 2017 survey revealed an enormous increase in population size in 15 years, from 313 to 1,570 orangutans ([[#R00772|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019]]). The population has remained sparse and dispersed over a large area. These higher densities may reflect immigration from adjacent land areas where there has been substantial clearance of forest between the two surveys. The larger population estimate was also due to more intensive survey efforts, and a substantial but scattered orangutan population was probably underestimated in the past ([[#R00772|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019]]). | ||
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Imbak-Kalabakan''' | '''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Imbak-Kalabakan''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio'' | |''Pongo pygmaeus morio'' | ||
| | |2017 | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|0. | |0.32 (0.21-0.48) | ||
| | |694 (458-1051) | ||
|Imbak-Kalabakan, | |Imbak-Kalabakan, Protected Forest | ||
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) | |Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) | ||
| | | | ||
|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019 | |[[#R00772|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019]] | ||
| | | | ||
|MYS0002 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio'' | |''Pongo pygmaeus morio'' | ||
| | |2017 | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|0. | |0.33 (0.22-0.50) | ||
| | |876 (579-1323) | ||
|Imbak-Kalabakan, | |Imbak-Kalabakan, Production Forest | ||
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) | |Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) | ||
| | | | ||
|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019 | |[[#R00772|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019]] | ||
| | | | ||
|MYS0002 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio'' | |''Pongo pygmaeus morio'' | ||
| | |2002-2003 | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|0. | |0.06 (0.02-0.19) | ||
| | |262(80-860) | ||
|Imbak-Kalabakan, | |Imbak-Kalabakan, Production Forest | ||
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) | |Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) | ||
| | | | ||
|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019 | |[[#R00772|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019]] | ||
| | | | ||
|MYS0002 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio'' | |''Pongo pygmaeus morio'' | ||
| | |2002-2003 | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|0. | |0.06 (0.02-0.19) | ||
| | |51 (17-166) | ||
|Imbak-Kalabakan, | |Imbak-Kalabakan, Protected Forest | ||
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) | |Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) | ||
| | | | ||
|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019 | |[[#R00772|Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019]] | ||
| | | | ||
|MYS0002 | |||
|} | |} | ||
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= Threats = | = Threats = | ||
Habitat fragmentation and conflicts with people are the major threats to orangutans in the region (SWD 2020). | Habitat fragmentation and conflicts with people are the major threats to orangutans in the region ([[#R00771|SWD 2020]]). | ||
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Imbak-Kalabakan''' | '''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Imbak-Kalabakan''' | ||
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|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | |2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Forest loss and fragmentation due to conversion of forest to agricultural land. In Sabah, palm oil accounted for 60% of forest conversion between 1973 and 2015 (SWD 2020). | |Forest loss and fragmentation due to conversion of forest to agricultural land. In Sabah, palm oil accounted for 60% of forest conversion between 1973 and 2015 ([[#R00771|SWD 2020]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2020) | |Ongoing (2020) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 134: | Line 134: | ||
|2.2 Wood & pulp plantations | |2.2 Wood & pulp plantations | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Plantations of Sabah Softwoods Berhad (SSB), an industrial tree plantation and oil palm plantation company, are situated within the Kalabakan landscape (Phaik Imm et al. 2021). | |Plantations of Sabah Softwoods Berhad (SSB), an industrial tree plantation and oil palm plantation company, are situated within the Kalabakan landscape ([[#R00770|Phaik Imm et al. 2021]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2021) | |Ongoing (2021) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 140: | Line 140: | ||
|4.1 Roads & railroads | |4.1 Roads & railroads | ||
|Present (unknown severity) | |Present (unknown severity) | ||
|Roads, bridges, dams, and railways split populations into smaller subpopulations and give access to poachers and lead to human encroachment (SWD 2020). | |Roads, bridges, dams, and railways split populations into smaller subpopulations and give access to poachers and lead to human encroachment ([[#R00771|SWD 2020]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2020) | |Ongoing (2020) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 146: | Line 146: | ||
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | |5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Hunting due to conflict and for bushmeat (SWD 2020). | |Hunting due to conflict and for bushmeat ([[#R00771|SWD 2020]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2020) | |Ongoing (2020) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 152: | Line 152: | ||
|5.1.5 Persecution/human wildlife conflict | |5.1.5 Persecution/human wildlife conflict | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Hunting due to conflict and for bushmeat (SWD 2020). | |Hunting due to conflict and for bushmeat ([[#R00771|SWD 2020]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2020) | |Ongoing (2020) | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 264: | Line 264: | ||
= References = | = References = | ||
<span id="R00770"></span>Phaik Imm, C., Pei Hue, K., & Nathan, R. (2021). Can the Oil Palm Industry and Elephant Conservation Be Reconciled? A Case Study in Kalabakan, Sabah. Gajah, 53, 30-38. | |||
Sabah Wildlife Department (SWD) | <span id="R00771"></span>Sabah Wildlife Department (SWD) (2020). Orangutan Action Plan for Sabah 2020–2029. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia: Sabah Wildlife Department. | ||
<span id="R00772"></span>Simon, D., Davies, G., & Ancrenaz, M. (2019). Changes to Sabah’s orangutan population in recent times: 2002–2017. ''PLOS ONE'', 14(7), e0218819. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218819 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218819] | |||
'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-11-22 | '''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-11-22 | ||
Latest revision as of 16:28, 12 October 2026
Asia > Malaysia > Imbak-Kalabakan
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Summary
- Northeast Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) are present in the Imbak-Kalabakan landscape.
- It has been estimated that 1,570 (CI: 1,037-2,374) individuals occur in the site.
- The orangutan population trend is unknown.
- The site has a total size of 4,805 km².
- Key threats to orangutans are habitat fragmentation and human-orangutan conflict.
- Conservation activities are not documented.
Site characteristics
The Imabalak-Kalabakan region is located in Malaysian Borneo, in the northeastern state of Sabah. The region comprises 2,175 sq.km of protected and 2,630 of unprotected areas (SWD 2020). The vegetation is characterised by a mixture of heath, lowland and upland mixed dipterocarp forests (Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019). Fragmented forests, such as the Brantian-Tantulit virgin jungle, the Ulu Kalumpang Forest Reserve, and oil palm and industrial tree plantations are found in the Kalabakan landscape, where land use continues to change (Phaik Imm et al. 2021).
Table 1. Basic site information for Imbak-Kalabakan
| Species | Pongo pygmaeus morio |
| Area | 4,805 km² |
| Coordinates | Lat: 5.013665 , Lon: 117.177508 |
| Type of site | Non-protected area |
| Habitat types | Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Agricultural land |
| Type of governance |
Types of sites Governance types Habitat types
Ape status
A 2017 survey revealed an enormous increase in population size in 15 years, from 313 to 1,570 orangutans (Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019). The population has remained sparse and dispersed over a large area. These higher densities may reflect immigration from adjacent land areas where there has been substantial clearance of forest between the two surveys. The larger population estimate was also due to more intensive survey efforts, and a substantial but scattered orangutan population was probably underestimated in the past (Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019).
Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Imbak-Kalabakan
| Species | Year | Occurrence | Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) | Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) | Abundance estimate (95% CI) | Survey area | Sampling method | Analytical framework | Source | Comments | A.P.E.S. database ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pongo pygmaeus morio | 2017 | 0.32 (0.21-0.48) | 694 (458-1051) | Imbak-Kalabakan, Protected Forest | Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) | Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019 | MYS0002 | ||||
| Pongo pygmaeus morio | 2017 | 0.33 (0.22-0.50) | 876 (579-1323) | Imbak-Kalabakan, Production Forest | Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) | Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019 | MYS0002 | ||||
| Pongo pygmaeus morio | 2002-2003 | 0.06 (0.02-0.19) | 262(80-860) | Imbak-Kalabakan, Production Forest | Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) | Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019 | MYS0002 | ||||
| Pongo pygmaeus morio | 2002-2003 | 0.06 (0.02-0.19) | 51 (17-166) | Imbak-Kalabakan, Protected Forest | Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter) | Simon, Davis & Ancrenaz 2019 | MYS0002 |
Sampling methods Analytical frameworks
Threats
Habitat fragmentation and conflicts with people are the major threats to orangutans in the region (SWD 2020).
Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Imbak-Kalabakan
| Category | Specific threats | Threat level | Description | Year of threat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 Agriculture & aquaculture | 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Forest loss and fragmentation due to conversion of forest to agricultural land. In Sabah, palm oil accounted for 60% of forest conversion between 1973 and 2015 (SWD 2020). | Ongoing (2020) |
| 2 Agriculture & aquaculture | 2.2 Wood & pulp plantations | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Plantations of Sabah Softwoods Berhad (SSB), an industrial tree plantation and oil palm plantation company, are situated within the Kalabakan landscape (Phaik Imm et al. 2021). | Ongoing (2021) |
| 4 Transportation & service corridors | 4.1 Roads & railroads | Present (unknown severity) | Roads, bridges, dams, and railways split populations into smaller subpopulations and give access to poachers and lead to human encroachment (SWD 2020). | Ongoing (2020) |
| 5 Biological resource use | 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Hunting due to conflict and for bushmeat (SWD 2020). | Ongoing (2020) |
| 5 Biological resource use | 5.1.5 Persecution/human wildlife conflict | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Hunting due to conflict and for bushmeat (SWD 2020). | Ongoing (2020) |
Conservation activities
Challenges
Table 5. Challenges reported for Imbak-Kalabakan
| Challenges | Specific challenges | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Not reported |
Enablers
Table 6. Enablers reported for Imbak-Kalabakan
| Enablers | Specific enablers | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Site management | |||
| 2 Resources and capacity | |||
| 3 Engaged community | |||
| 4 Institutional support | |||
| 5 Ecological context | |||
| 6 Safety and stability |
Research activities
Documented behaviours
Table 7. Behaviours documented for Imbak-Kalabakan
| Category | Behavior | Observation type | Prevalence | Observation dates | Source | Habituation | Species | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not reported |
Exposure to climate change impacts
External links
References
Phaik Imm, C., Pei Hue, K., & Nathan, R. (2021). Can the Oil Palm Industry and Elephant Conservation Be Reconciled? A Case Study in Kalabakan, Sabah. Gajah, 53, 30-38.
Sabah Wildlife Department (SWD) (2020). Orangutan Action Plan for Sabah 2020–2029. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia: Sabah Wildlife Department.
Simon, D., Davies, G., & Ancrenaz, M. (2019). Changes to Sabah’s orangutan population in recent times: 2002–2017. PLOS ONE, 14(7), e0218819. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218819
Page created by: APES Atlas Team Date: 2021-11-22