Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve: Difference between revisions
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* Conservation activities are not documented. | * Conservation activities are not documented. | ||
* The site is designated as a Ramsar site and features Lake Barombi, well-known for its high density of endemic species. | * The site is designated as a Ramsar site and features Lake Barombi, well-known for its high density of endemic species. | ||
= Site characteristics = | = Site characteristics = | ||
The Lake Barombi Forest Reserve is located in eastern Cameroon and covers an area of over 850 ha. The site is named after an oval lake 2.5 km in diameter and 110 m deep, lying in a crater with a slope of 150 m at its highest point, and surrounded by tropical forest (Eno Nku 2004). The lake is famous among biologists for the occurrence of 12 endemic fish species, making it one of the places with the highest densities of endemic species per area in the world (Ramsar 2006). The site is also important due to the presence of freshwater sponges, one of which (''Corvospongilla thysi'') is also endemic. The lake is an important sacred site to the Barombi Mbo People and also used for fishing, transport, and farming of the surrounding land (Ramsar 2006). It is also a source of clean water for the metropolis of Kumba and its surrounding (Ramsar 2006). The site was designated as a [https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/1643 Ramsar] site in 2006. | The Lake Barombi Forest Reserve is located in eastern Cameroon and covers an area of over 850 ha. The site is named after an oval lake 2.5 km in diameter and 110 m deep, lying in a crater with a slope of 150 m at its highest point, and surrounded by tropical forest ([[#R01020|Eno Nku 2004]]). The lake is famous among biologists for the occurrence of 12 endemic fish species, making it one of the places with the highest densities of endemic species per area in the world ([[#R01021|Ramsar 2006]]). The site is also important due to the presence of freshwater sponges, one of which (''Corvospongilla thysi'') is also endemic. The lake is an important sacred site to the Barombi Mbo People and also used for fishing, transport, and farming of the surrounding land ([[#R01021|Ramsar 2006]]). It is also a source of clean water for the metropolis of Kumba and its surrounding ([[#R01021|Ramsar 2006]]). The site was designated as a [https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/1643 Ramsar] site in 2006. | ||
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve''' | '''Table 1. Basic site information for Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve''' | ||
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[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]] | [[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]] | ||
= Ape status = | = Ape status = | ||
Vocalisation documented during a recce survey (Eno Nku 2004). | Vocalisation documented during a recce survey ([[#R01020|Eno Nku 2004]]). | ||
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve''' | '''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve''' | ||
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|Reconnaissance walk | |Reconnaissance walk | ||
| | | | ||
|Eno Nku (2004) | |[[#R01020|Eno Nku (2004)]] | ||
|survey effort 4.5 km | |survey effort 4.5 km | ||
| | | | ||
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[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]] | [[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]] | ||
= Threats = | = Threats = | ||
The competition for farmland in the area that began in 1989 led to the extensive conversion of forest into farmland (Eno Nku 2004). A stripe of forest still exists along the lakeshore to shield the farms, but behind is extended plantations. Other threats include timber extraction, hunting, farming, fuel wood collection, overfishing, use of pesticides, and uncontrolled harvesting of NTFPs (Eno Nku 2004). | The competition for farmland in the area that began in 1989 led to the extensive conversion of forest into farmland ([[#R01020|Eno Nku 2004]]). A stripe of forest still exists along the lakeshore to shield the farms, but behind is extended plantations. Other threats include timber extraction, hunting, farming, fuel wood collection, overfishing, use of pesticides, and uncontrolled harvesting of NTFPs ([[#R01020|Eno Nku 2004]]). | ||
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve''' | '''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve''' | ||
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|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | |2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Habitat encroachment due to agricultural expansion (Eno Nku 2004). | |Habitat encroachment due to agricultural expansion ([[#R01020|Eno Nku 2004]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2004) | |Ongoing (2004) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | |5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Unsustainable hunting (Eno Nku 2004). | |Unsustainable hunting ([[#R01020|Eno Nku 2004]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2004) | |Ongoing (2004) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants | |5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Uncontrolled harvesting of NTFPs (Eno Nku 2004). | |Uncontrolled harvesting of NTFPs ([[#R01020|Eno Nku 2004]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2004) | |Ongoing (2004) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting | |5.3 Logging & wood harvesting | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Timber extraction and fuelwood collection (Eno Nku 2004). | |Timber extraction and fuelwood collection ([[#R01020|Eno Nku 2004]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2004) | |Ongoing (2004) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents | |9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents | ||
|Present (unknown severity) | |Present (unknown severity) | ||
|Pesticide spraying of cocoa-trees (Ramsar 2006). | |Pesticide spraying of cocoa-trees ([[#R01021|Ramsar 2006]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2006) | |Ongoing (2006) | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[Threats]] | [[Threats]] | ||
= Conservation activities = | = Conservation activities = | ||
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[[Challenges]] | [[Challenges]] | ||
= Enablers = | = Enablers = | ||
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[[Enablers]] | [[Enablers]] | ||
= Research activities = | = Research activities = | ||
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[[Behaviours]] | [[Behaviours]] | ||
= Exposure to climate change impacts = | = Exposure to climate change impacts = | ||
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. | As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02240|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. | ||
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ( | The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02240|Kiribou et al. 2024]]). | ||
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve''' | '''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve''' | ||
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|} | |} | ||
<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Lake_Barombi_Mbo_Crater_Lake.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Lake_Barombi_Mbo_Crater_Lake.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve]] </li></ul></div> | |||
= External links = | = External links = | ||
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= References = | = References = | ||
Eno Nku, M. (2004). Large mammal reconnaissance surveys of Lake Barombi Mbo and Southern Banduku Forests Reserves, SW Province. Report to Wildlife Conservation Society & MINEF. | <span id="R01020"></span>Eno Nku, M. (2004). Large mammal reconnaissance surveys of Lake Barombi Mbo and Southern Banduku Forests Reserves, SW Province. Report to Wildlife Conservation Society & MINEF. | ||
<span id="R01021"></span>Ramsar (2006). Barombi Mbo Crater Lake. Online: https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/1643 [https://web.archive.org/web/20250123200112/https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/1643 link] | |||
<span id="R02240"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345] | |||
'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-02-28 | '''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-02-28 | ||
Latest revision as of 17:53, 15 October 2026
Central Africa > Cameroon > Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve
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Summary
- Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) are present in Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve.
- The population size is unknown.
- The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
- The site has a total size of 8.5 km².
- Key threats to chimpanzees are logging, hunting, encroachment due to agricultural expansion, and uncontrolled harvesting of terrestrial plants.
- Conservation activities are not documented.
- The site is designated as a Ramsar site and features Lake Barombi, well-known for its high density of endemic species.
Site characteristics
The Lake Barombi Forest Reserve is located in eastern Cameroon and covers an area of over 850 ha. The site is named after an oval lake 2.5 km in diameter and 110 m deep, lying in a crater with a slope of 150 m at its highest point, and surrounded by tropical forest (Eno Nku 2004). The lake is famous among biologists for the occurrence of 12 endemic fish species, making it one of the places with the highest densities of endemic species per area in the world (Ramsar 2006). The site is also important due to the presence of freshwater sponges, one of which (Corvospongilla thysi) is also endemic. The lake is an important sacred site to the Barombi Mbo People and also used for fishing, transport, and farming of the surrounding land (Ramsar 2006). It is also a source of clean water for the metropolis of Kumba and its surrounding (Ramsar 2006). The site was designated as a Ramsar site in 2006.
Table 1. Basic site information for Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve
| Species | Pan troglodytes ellioti |
| Area | 8.5 km² |
| Coordinates | Lat: 4.669490 , Lon: 9.382303 |
| Type of site | Protected area (Forest Reserve) |
| Habitat types | Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest |
| Type of governance |
Types of sites Governance types Habitat types
Ape status
Vocalisation documented during a recce survey (Eno Nku 2004).
Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve
| Species | Year | Occurrence | Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) | Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) | Abundance estimate (95% CI) | Survey area | Sampling method | Analytical framework | Source | Comments | A.P.E.S. database ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pan troglodytes ellioti | 2004 | Present | Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve | Reconnaissance walk | Eno Nku (2004) | survey effort 4.5 km |
Sampling methods Analytical frameworks
Threats
The competition for farmland in the area that began in 1989 led to the extensive conversion of forest into farmland (Eno Nku 2004). A stripe of forest still exists along the lakeshore to shield the farms, but behind is extended plantations. Other threats include timber extraction, hunting, farming, fuel wood collection, overfishing, use of pesticides, and uncontrolled harvesting of NTFPs (Eno Nku 2004).
Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve
| Category | Specific threats | Threat level | Description | Year of threat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 Agriculture & aquaculture | 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Habitat encroachment due to agricultural expansion (Eno Nku 2004). | Ongoing (2004) |
| 5 Biological resource use | 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Unsustainable hunting (Eno Nku 2004). | Ongoing (2004) |
| 5 Biological resource use | 5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Uncontrolled harvesting of NTFPs (Eno Nku 2004). | Ongoing (2004) |
| 5 Biological resource use | 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Timber extraction and fuelwood collection (Eno Nku 2004). | Ongoing (2004) |
| 9 Pollution | 9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents | Present (unknown severity) | Pesticide spraying of cocoa-trees (Ramsar 2006). | Ongoing (2006) |
Conservation activities
Challenges
Table 5. Challenges reported for Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve
| Challenges | Specific challenges | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Not reported |
Enablers
Table 6. Enablers reported for Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve
| Enablers | Specific enablers | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Site management | |||
| 2 Resources and capacity | |||
| 3 Engaged community | |||
| 4 Institutional support | |||
| 5 Ecological context | |||
| 6 Safety and stability |
Research activities
Documented behaviours
Table 7. Behaviours documented for Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve
| Category | Behavior | Observation type | Prevalence | Observation dates | Source | Habituation | Species | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not reported |
Exposure to climate change impacts
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve
| Value | 1981-2010 | 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 | 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 | 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 | 2071-2099, RCP 6.0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean temperature [C] | 24.9 | 26 | 26 | 26.2 | 27.2 |
| Annual precipitation [mm] | 2605 | 2679 | 2721 | 2743 | 2691 |
| Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) | 36.9 | 29.4 | 30.6 | 27.1 | 31.6 |
| No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) | 6.1 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 8.1 | 7.6 |
Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve
| Type | No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) | % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) | No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) | % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) | No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) | % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) | No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) | % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crop failure | 4.5 | 0.1 | 4 | 0.18 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 0.05 |
| Drought | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Heatwave | 5.5 | 100 | 8 | 100 | 5 | 100 | 7.5 | 100 |
| River flood | 2 | 0.56 | 1 | 0.8 | 1 | 1.93 | 4 | 1.31 |
| Tropical cyclone | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Wildfire | 30 | 0.6 | 30 | 0.61 | 29 | 0.6 | 29 | 0.64 |
-
Precipitation anomaly in Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve -
Temperature anomaly in Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve
External links
References
Eno Nku, M. (2004). Large mammal reconnaissance surveys of Lake Barombi Mbo and Southern Banduku Forests Reserves, SW Province. Report to Wildlife Conservation Society & MINEF.
Ramsar (2006). Barombi Mbo Crater Lake. Online: https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/1643 link
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345. doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345
Page created by: APES Atlas Team Date: 2022-02-28