Rubi-Télé: Difference between revisions
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* Key threats to great apes are bushmeat hunting, artisanal mining, and a national road. | * Key threats to great apes are bushmeat hunting, artisanal mining, and a national road. | ||
* Conservation activities are not documented. | * Conservation activities are not documented. | ||
= Site characteristics = | = Site characteristics = | ||
The Rubi-Télé hunting domain is located in the Bas-Uélé province, in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The site was one of the first protected areas in the Belgian Congo, established as a Hunting Reserve in 1930, five years after the creation of [[Virunga National Park]] (Mutombo et al. 2017). | The Rubi-Télé hunting domain is located in the Bas-Uélé province, in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The site was one of the first protected areas in the Belgian Congo, established as a Hunting Reserve in 1930, five years after the creation of [[Virunga National Park]] ([[#R01550|Mutombo et al. 2017]]). | ||
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Rubi-Télé''' | '''Table 1. Basic site information for Rubi-Télé''' | ||
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[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]] | [[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]] | ||
= Ape status = | = Ape status = | ||
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| | | | ||
|0.06 | |0.06 | ||
|545 | |545.0 | ||
|Rubi-Télé Hunting Domain | |Rubi-Télé Hunting Domain | ||
|Reconnaissance walk | |Reconnaissance walk | ||
| | | | ||
|Plumptre et al. 2010 | |[[#R01551|Plumptre et al. 2010]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 78: | Line 76: | ||
[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]] | [[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]] | ||
= Threats = | = Threats = | ||
Artisanal mining has been established for over 20 years in Rubi-Télé, during which time the fauna has been substantially reduced by hunting. Encounter rate (nests/km)s of chimpanzees and other fauna were much lower in this region than in forests immediately to the north (Hicks et al. 2010). | Artisanal mining has been established for over 20 years in Rubi-Télé, during which time the fauna has been substantially reduced by hunting. Encounter rate (nests/km)s of chimpanzees and other fauna were much lower in this region than in forests immediately to the north ([[#R01549|Hicks et al. 2010]]). | ||
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Rubi-Télé''' | '''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Rubi-Télé''' | ||
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|3.2 Mining & quarrying | |3.2 Mining & quarrying | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Invasion of artisanal-scale miners into the Rubi-Tele (Hicks et al. 2010, Bisimwa et al. 2021). | |Invasion of artisanal-scale miners into the Rubi-Tele ([[#R01549|Hicks et al. 2010]], [[#R01548|Bisimwa et al. 2021]]). | ||
|2010-Ongoing (2021) | |2010-Ongoing (2021) | ||
|- | |||
|4 Transportation & service corridors | |||
|4.1 Roads & railroads | |||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |||
|The site is crossed by National Road Four (RN4) that connects Buta to Kisangani and other eastern DRC cities. This is a factor explaining the intensification of hunting and mining activities at the site ([[#R01548|Bisimwa et al. 2021]]). | |||
|Ongoing (2021) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|5 Biological resource use | |5 Biological resource use | ||
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | |5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Bushmeat hunting, linked to mining activities (Hicks et al. 2010, Bisimwa et al. 2021). | |Bushmeat hunting, linked to mining activities ([[#R01549|Hicks et al. 2010]], [[#R01548|Bisimwa et al. 2021]]). | ||
|2010-Ongoing (2021) | |2010-Ongoing (2021) | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[Threats]] | [[Threats]] | ||
= Conservation activities = | = Conservation activities = | ||
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[[Challenges]] | [[Challenges]] | ||
= Enablers = | = Enablers = | ||
| Line 175: | Line 177: | ||
[[Enablers]] | [[Enablers]] | ||
= Research activities = | = Research activities = | ||
| Line 207: | Line 211: | ||
[[Behaviours]] | [[Behaviours]] | ||
= Exposure to climate change impacts = | = Exposure to climate change impacts = | ||
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. | As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02304|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. | ||
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ( | The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02304|Kiribou et al. 2024]]). | ||
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Rubi-Télé''' | '''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Rubi-Télé''' | ||
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|} | |} | ||
<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Rubi-Tele.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Rubi-Télé]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Rubi-Tele.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Rubi-Télé]] </li></ul></div> | |||
= External links = | = External links = | ||
| Line 332: | Line 339: | ||
= References = | = References = | ||
<span id="R01548"></span>Bisimwa, L., Musangu, E., Mampeta, S., Amundala, N., Sabongo, P., & Sonwa, D. J. (2021). Challenges on the valorisation of local knowledge: Preliminary assessments in the Rubi-Télé Hunting Area (DRC). ASC-TUFS Working Papers, (1), 203–216. | |||
<span id="R01549"></span>Hicks, T. C., Darby, L., Hart, J., Swinkels, J., January, N., & Menken, S. (2010). Trade in orphans and bushmeat threatens one of The Democratic Republic of the Congo's most important populations of Eastern Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). ''African Primates'', 7(1), 1-18. [http://www.primate-sg.org/african-primates-volume-7-1/ link] | |||
<span id="R01550"></span>Mutombo, P., Nyundai, G., Malekani, A., Angoyo, R., Basa, O., Dudu, B., Amundala, N., Gambalemoke, S., Akaibe, J., Kambale, J. J., Bongo, G. N., & Ngbolua, K. N. (2017). Diversity of rodents and shrews in Rubi-Télé Hunting Domain in the territory of Buta, Bas Uélé Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. International Journal of Zoology Studies, 2(1), 89–95. [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/baf3c3ba8da7bd82219bb9d7ede95f23231133a1 link] | |||
Hicks, | <span id="R01551"></span>Plumptre, A. J., Rose, R., Nangendo, G., Williamson, E. A., Didier, K., Hart, J., Mulindahabi, F., Hicks, C., Griffin, B., Ogawa, H., Nixon, S., Pintea, L., Vosper, A., McClennan, M., Amsini, F., McNeilage, A., Makana, J. R., Kanamori, M., Hernandez, A., Piel, A., Stewart, F., Moore, J., Zamma, K., Nakamura, M., Kamenya, S., Idani, G., Sakamaki, T., Yoshikawa, M., Greer, D., Tranquilli, S., Beyers, R., Furuichi, T., Hashimoto, C., & Bennett, E. (2010). Eastern chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): Status survey and conservation action plan 2010–2020. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. [http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/ECCAP.pdf link] | ||
<span id="R02304"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345] | |||
'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-01-10 | '''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-01-10 | ||
Latest revision as of 17:54, 15 October 2026
Central Africa > Democratic Republic of the Congo > Rubi-Télé
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Summary
- Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in Rubi-Télé.
- It has been estimated that 545 individuals occur in the site.
- The population trend is unknown.
- The site has a total size of 9,080 km².
- Key threats to great apes are bushmeat hunting, artisanal mining, and a national road.
- Conservation activities are not documented.
Site characteristics
The Rubi-Télé hunting domain is located in the Bas-Uélé province, in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The site was one of the first protected areas in the Belgian Congo, established as a Hunting Reserve in 1930, five years after the creation of Virunga National Park (Mutombo et al. 2017).
Table 1. Basic site information for Rubi-Télé
| Species | Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii |
| Area | 9,080 km² |
| Coordinates | Lat: 2.631336 , Lon: 24.850447 |
| Type of site | Protected area (Hunting Reserve) |
| Habitat types | Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest |
| Type of governance |
Types of sites Governance types Habitat types
Ape status
Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Rubi-Télé
| Species | Year | Occurrence | Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) | Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) | Abundance estimate (95% CI) | Survey area | Sampling method | Analytical framework | Source | Comments | A.P.E.S. database ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii | Unknown | 0.06 | 545.0 | Rubi-Télé Hunting Domain | Reconnaissance walk | Plumptre et al. 2010 |
Sampling methods Analytical frameworks
Threats
Artisanal mining has been established for over 20 years in Rubi-Télé, during which time the fauna has been substantially reduced by hunting. Encounter rate (nests/km)s of chimpanzees and other fauna were much lower in this region than in forests immediately to the north (Hicks et al. 2010).
Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Rubi-Télé
| Category | Specific threats | Threat level | Description | Year of threat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 Energy production & mining | 3.2 Mining & quarrying | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Invasion of artisanal-scale miners into the Rubi-Tele (Hicks et al. 2010, Bisimwa et al. 2021). | 2010-Ongoing (2021) |
| 4 Transportation & service corridors | 4.1 Roads & railroads | High (more than 70% of population affected) | The site is crossed by National Road Four (RN4) that connects Buta to Kisangani and other eastern DRC cities. This is a factor explaining the intensification of hunting and mining activities at the site (Bisimwa et al. 2021). | Ongoing (2021) |
| 5 Biological resource use | 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Bushmeat hunting, linked to mining activities (Hicks et al. 2010, Bisimwa et al. 2021). | 2010-Ongoing (2021) |
Conservation activities
Challenges
Table 5. Challenges reported for Rubi-Télé
| Challenges | Specific challenges | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Not reported |
Enablers
Table 6. Enablers reported for Rubi-Télé
| Enablers | Specific enablers | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Site management | |||
| 2 Resources and capacity | |||
| 3 Engaged community | |||
| 4 Institutional support | |||
| 5 Ecological context | |||
| 6 Safety and stability |
Research activities
Documented behaviours
Table 7. Behaviours documented for Rubi-Télé
| Category | Behavior | Observation type | Prevalence | Observation dates | Source | Habituation | Species | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not reported |
Exposure to climate change impacts
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Rubi-Télé
| Value | 1981-2010 | 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 | 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 | 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 | 2071-2099, RCP 6.0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean temperature [C] | 24.7 | 25.9 | 25.6 | 26.2 | 27.1 |
| Annual precipitation [mm] | 1938 | 1936 | 1993 | 1955 | 1967 |
| Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) | 13.4 | 18.3 | 18.1 | 19.4 | 19.4 |
| No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) | 7.4 | 7.2 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 8.6 |
Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Rubi-Télé
| Type | No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) | % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) | No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) | % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) | No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) | % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) | No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) | % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crop failure | 17.5 | 0.03 | 11 | 0.03 | 17 | 0.03 | 24.5 | 0.04 |
| Drought | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Heatwave | 3 | 67.26 | 2.5 | 63.89 | 10 | 72.73 | 13.5 | 58.33 |
| River flood | 1.25 | 0.27 | 2.5 | 0.43 | 2.5 | 0.79 | 5 | 0.09 |
| Tropical cyclone | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Wildfire | 30 | 0.59 | 30 | 0.56 | 29 | 0.55 | 29 | 0.49 |
-
Precipitation anomaly in Rubi-Télé -
Temperature anomaly in Rubi-Télé
External links
References
Bisimwa, L., Musangu, E., Mampeta, S., Amundala, N., Sabongo, P., & Sonwa, D. J. (2021). Challenges on the valorisation of local knowledge: Preliminary assessments in the Rubi-Télé Hunting Area (DRC). ASC-TUFS Working Papers, (1), 203–216.
Hicks, T. C., Darby, L., Hart, J., Swinkels, J., January, N., & Menken, S. (2010). Trade in orphans and bushmeat threatens one of The Democratic Republic of the Congo's most important populations of Eastern Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). African Primates, 7(1), 1-18. link
Mutombo, P., Nyundai, G., Malekani, A., Angoyo, R., Basa, O., Dudu, B., Amundala, N., Gambalemoke, S., Akaibe, J., Kambale, J. J., Bongo, G. N., & Ngbolua, K. N. (2017). Diversity of rodents and shrews in Rubi-Télé Hunting Domain in the territory of Buta, Bas Uélé Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. International Journal of Zoology Studies, 2(1), 89–95. link
Plumptre, A. J., Rose, R., Nangendo, G., Williamson, E. A., Didier, K., Hart, J., Mulindahabi, F., Hicks, C., Griffin, B., Ogawa, H., Nixon, S., Pintea, L., Vosper, A., McClennan, M., Amsini, F., McNeilage, A., Makana, J. R., Kanamori, M., Hernandez, A., Piel, A., Stewart, F., Moore, J., Zamma, K., Nakamura, M., Kamenya, S., Idani, G., Sakamaki, T., Yoshikawa, M., Greer, D., Tranquilli, S., Beyers, R., Furuichi, T., Hashimoto, C., & Bennett, E. (2010). Eastern chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): Status survey and conservation action plan 2010–2020. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. link
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345. doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345
Page created by: APES Atlas Team Date: 2022-01-10