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[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[East Nimba Nature Reserve]]
[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Lomami National Park]]


'''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/East_Nimba_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/East_Nimba_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/East_Nimba_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/East_Nimba_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/East_Nimba_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
'''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lomami_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lomami_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lomami_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lomami_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lomami_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''


__TOC__
__TOC__
= Summary =
= Summary =


<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|7.51, -8.53~[[East Nimba Nature Reserve]]~''Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|-1.329433, 25.069388~[[Lomami National Park]]~''Pan paniscus''}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in East Nimba Nature Reserve.
* Bonobos (''Pan paniscus'') are present in Lomami National Park.
* It has been estimated that 28 individuals occur at the site.
* It has been estimated that 9,500 individuals occur in the park and its buffer area.
* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
* The bonobo population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 135 km².
* The site has a total size of 8,879 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat loss due to iron ore mining and shifting agriculture, and poaching.
* Key threats to bonobos are hunting and habitat loss due to expansion of subsistence farming.
* Flora and Fauna International, and Conservation International support Liberia’s Forest Development Authority in the protection of the site and implementation of conservation activities, focused mainly on education and awareness.
* Conservation activities have focused on biomonitoring, anti-poaching patrols, and community involvement.
* The site borders [[Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve]] in Guinea.
 
 
= Site characteristics =
= Site characteristics =


East Nimba Nature Reserve is located in the north of Liberia, bordering Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire. East Nimba Nature Reserve was established in 2003 and covers part of the Mount Nimba Mountain range, which spans across Liberia, Guinea, and Cote d’Ivoire. The reserve borders Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019). In addition to the Western chimpanzee, other endangered and endemic ([http://www.liberianfaunaflora.org/east-nimba-nature-reserve-ennr species]) inhabit the site, including Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), Nimba otter shrew (''Micropotamogale lamottei''), Nimba flycatcher (''Melaenornis annamarulae'') and Nimba toad (''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis'').
Lomami National Park is situated in the Democratic Republic of Congo, between the rivers Tshuapa, Lomami, and Lualaba ([https://fzs.org/en/projects/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/lomami-national-park/?fbclid=IwAR395-GpOYa7-CrRX18COddTJ-iFnTr-y50TD3sqWBrmgDR54TZJxx_eqSI FZS]). The park was established in 2016, and it covers an area of nearly 9,000 km² and has a buffer zone of approximately 20,000 km². The region is covered by dense tropical rainforests, swamp forests and savannas (Batumike et al. 2020). The park is home to several endangered and rare or endemic species, including bonobos, forest elephants, giant pangolins, hippos, okapis, Congo peafowl, the recently discovered dryas monkey, and the Lesula monkey, discovered in the park in 2012 (Batumike et al. 2020, FZS).


'''Table 1. Basic site information for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Lomami National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|''Pan paniscus''
|-
|-
|Area
|Area
|135 km²
|8,879 km²
|-
|-
|Coordinates
|Coordinates
|Lat: 7.51 , Lon:  -8.53
|Lat: -1.329433 , Lon:  25.069388
|-
|-
|Type of site
|Type of site
|Protected area (Strict Nature Reserve)
|Protected area (National Park)
|-
|-
|Habitat types
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|-
|-
|Type of governance
|Type of governance
Line 40: Line 41:


[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]  
[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]  
= Ape status =
= Ape status =


The population in East Nimba Strict Nature Reserve has been estimated at 28 individuals (WCF unpubl. data). In addition, chimpanzee presence in the reserve has been recorded by the nationwide survey teams (Tweh et al. 2014). However, based on two unpublished datasets from 2010 (WCF unpubl. data) and 2014 (PANAF unpubl. data) Kühl et al. (2017) estimated a stable population size for this site.
The Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation (ICCN) reported an estimated population of 9,500 individuals (5,800–13,700) in Lomami, including the surrounding buffer zone (IUCN & ICCN 2012).


'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Lomami National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Species
Line 59: Line 61:
!A.P.E.S. database ID
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|''Pan paniscus''
|2011-2012
|Present
|
|
|
|East Nimba Nature Reserve
|Line transects
|
|Tweh et al. 2014
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|
|
|
|
|
|
|28
|East Nimba Nature Reserve
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|
|WCF unpubl. data, in Kühl et al. 2017
|‘reconnaissance walk’, survey effort: 178 km
|
|
|-
|Lomami National Park
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010-2011
|
|
|0.17
|
|
|
|
|East Nimba Nature Reserve (area around Geipa, Camp 4, Cold Water)
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|
|CI 2012
|‘reconnaissance walk’, survey effort: 41.32 km
|
|
|}
|}


[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]  
[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]  
= Threats =
= Threats =


Part of the nature reserve was severely degraded due to iron ore mining that occurred between 1962 and 1989 (CILSS 2016). The site has also been severely affected by deforestation; between 1974 and 2014, about half of its forest cover was lost (CILSS 2016). Bushmeat hunting in the area is also a key threat to chimpanzees (Bene et al. 2013).
Based on village surveys around the park, there is a misconception about hunting in the buffer zone, as villagers often believe that they are allowed to hunt any species in the buffer zone, including bonobos (Batumike et al. 2020).


'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Lomami National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Category
Line 111: Line 88:
!Description
!Description
!Year of threat
!Year of threat
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Iron ore mining (CILSS 2016)
|1969-1989
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|The site lost half of its forest cover due to logging between 1974 and 2014 (CILSS 2016)
|1974-2014
|-
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Influx of people fleeing areas of civil conflict during two civil wars, also resulting in a lack of law enforcement and increase in illegal logging and hunting (CILSS 2016)
|1989-1996, 1999-2003
|-
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Present (unknown severity)
|Slash-and-burn agriculture around the park  (CILSS 2016) and potential of encroachment (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023).
|Small-scale subsistence agriculture (cassava, maize and rice) (Batumike et al. 2020).
|2016-Ongoing (2023)
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Mining activities lead to the construction of roads, further impacting the area (CILSS 2016). Two old roads are present, but with low traffic (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023).
|2016-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|High hunting and poaching rates have been reported in the Nimba mountain range in Liberia (Bene et al. 2013)
|Hunting for subsistence, including bonobos and other species of conservation concern (Batumike et al. 2020).
|Ongoing (2013)
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Collection of NTFPs; especially fruit trees (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Fires sometimes started by farmers and hunters near the site (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|}
|}


[[Threats]]  
[[Threats]]  
= Conservation activities =
= Conservation activities =


Liberia’s Forestry Development Authority (FDA) is responsible for the protection and long-term management of East Nimba Nature Reserve. The site lies within the concession of an iron ore mining company, Arcelor Mittal Liberia (AML). In 2015, AML funded a ([https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/implementing-effective-management-east-nimba-nature-reserve joint project]) with Flora and Fauna International to ensure the effective management of the site and provide technical support and capacity building (FFI). Conservation International (CI) have also contributed to the protection of the site by providing environmental education and conservation awareness in nearby communities (FFI). As part of a livelihood improvement project, CI recruited Frontline Conservationists from local communities, who patrol and monitor the forests in exchange for a monthly stipend (CI 2016).
In 2007, the first team set out to explore and document the region in and around the park. The data collected have been used to improve the protection of the park and gain a better understanding of the distribution of different species ([https://fzs.org/en/projects/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/lomami-national-park/ FZS]). In 2021, the ICCN and Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) signed a co-management agreement, which made FZS's Lomami Project leader the director of Lomami National Park.


'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Lomami National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Category
Line 173: Line 115:
!Implementing organization(s)
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Regular patrols conducted jointly by TL2 project staff (named after the rivers in the project area, Tshuapa, Lomami, and Lualaba) and Congolese Nature Conservation Institute (ICCN) rangers. During patrols, data on species diversity and distribution are also collected, as well as on the occurrence of illegal activities (FZS).
|African Wildlife Foundation, Antwerp Zoo Foundation, ICCN
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site was designated as nature reserve in 2003 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019)
|The site was declared a National Park in 2016.
|
|2003-Ongoing (2019)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|FFI, UNOPS and PAPFor provide environmental education and raise conservation awareness around the reserve (CI 2016, FFI 2019). In the past, CI also conducted this activity (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023).
|
|
|2016-Ongoing (2023)
|2016-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|7 Economic & other incentives
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
|CI recruited Frontline Conservationists from local communities receive a stipend for patrolling, gathering data, and help raise awareness (CI 2016)
|The Lomami Conservation Project offers sustainable income opportunities and helps involve the communities in the park development (FZS).
|
|
|Ongoing (2016)
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|FDA rangers and community eco guards conduct patrols (Zansi, G. K., pers. Comm. 2023).
|
|Ongoing (2023)
|}
|}


[[Conservation activities]]  
[[Conservation activities]]  
= Challenges =
= Challenges =






'''Table 5. Challenges reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Lomami National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Challenges
Line 218: Line 155:


[[Challenges]]  
[[Challenges]]  
= Enablers =
= Enablers =






'''Table 6. Enablers reported for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Lomami National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Enablers
Line 261: Line 199:


[[Enablers]]  
[[Enablers]]  
= Research activities =
= Research activities =


No information on research activities has been documented.
In 2012, a new species of monkey, Cercopithecus lomamiensis, was discovered on the left bank of the Lomami River (FZS). The park harbours a remarkable diversity of mammals, and is also very rich in plant species- one new species of plant has also been found here, Xenostegia lomamiensis (FZS).
 


= Documented behaviours =
= Documented behaviours =
Line 269: Line 209:




'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Lomami National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Category
Line 293: Line 233:


[[Behaviours]]  
[[Behaviours]]  
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
= Exposure to climate change impacts =


As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. subm. extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.


The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (see Kiribou et al. subm. for details).
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).


'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Lomami National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!Value
Line 309: Line 250:
|-
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|Mean temperature [C]
|25.4
|25.2
|26.4
|26.2
|26.6
|26.6
|26.5
|27.7
|26.7
|27.8
|-
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1886
|1856
|1933
|1870
|1960
|1866
|1956
|1832
|2044
|1957
|-
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|29.8
|9.8
|30.3
|15
|28.3
|15
|31.5
|17.4
|32.1
|13.8
|-
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.4
|6.9
|7.7
|9.6
|7.7
|8.5
|7.9
|9.9
|9.9
|12
|}
|}




'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in East Nimba Nature Reserve'''
'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Lomami National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!Type
Line 351: Line 292:
|-
|-
|Crop failure
|Crop failure
|3
|15.5
|0.35
|0
|3.5
|13.5
|0.63
|0
|3.5
|16.5
|0.33
|0.01
|8.5
|28.5
|0.65
|0
|-
|-
|Drought
|Drought
Line 372: Line 313:
|Heatwave
|Heatwave
|10
|10
|100
|46.98
|5.5
|5
|100
|52.88
|9.5
|10.5
|100
|59.58
|15
|23
|100
|59.01
|-
|-
|River flood
|River flood
|1.25
|5
|1.15
|1.02
|2.5
|5.25
|1.96
|1.38
|1.75
|5
|3.29
|1.14
|4.5
|7.25
|3.72
|0.88
|-
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|Tropical cyclone
Line 402: Line 343:
|Wildfire
|Wildfire
|30
|30
|0.37
|0.47
|30
|30
|0.36
|0.45
|29
|29
|0.37
|0.58
|29
|29
|0.36
|0.43
|}
|}


<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Lomami_NP.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Lomami National Park]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Lomami_NP.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Lomami National Park]] </li></ul></div>


= External links =
= External links =
Line 418: Line 361:
= References =
= References =


Bene, J.K., Gamys, J. & Dufour, S. 2013. A wealth of wildlife endangered in northern Nimba county, Liberia. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 2, 314–323.
<span id="R01104"></span>Batumike, R., Imani, G., Urom, C., & Cuni-Sanchez, A. (2021). Bushmeat hunting around Lomami National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Oryx, 55(3), 421-431. doi:10.1017/S0030605319001017
 
CI. 2016. East Nimba Nature Reserve Forest Conservation Project. Online: https://www.daikin.com/csr/forests/project/pdf/report_liberia_e_201605.pdf
 
CILSS. 2016. Landscapes of West Africa- a window on a changing world. U. S. Geological Survey EROS, 47914 252nd St, Garretson, SD 57030, United States.
 
FFI. 2019. Implementing effective management of East Nimba Nature Reserve. Online: https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/implementing-effective-management-east-nimba-nature-reserve
 
Kühl, H.S., Sop, T., Williamson, E.A., Mundry, R., Brugière, D., Campbell, G., Cohen, H., et al. 2017. The Critically Endangered western chimpanzee declines by 80%. American Journal of Primatology, 22681. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22681.


Tweh, C., Lormie, M., Kouakou, C.Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H.S., Junker, J., et al. 2014. Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. Oryx, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191
<span id="R01105"></span>Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS). (n.d.). Lomami National Park. Online: https://fzs.org/en/projects/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/lomami-national-park/


UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. 2019. Protected Planet: [East Nimba Nature Reserve in Liberia; The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (GD-PAME)] [On-line], [08/2019], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.
<span id="R01106"></span>IUCN, & ICCN (2012). Bonobo (Pan paniscus): Conservation Strategy 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group & Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature. [http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/pdf/Bonobo_Conservation_Strategy.pdf link]






'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-10-27
'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-03-25

Revision as of 06:29, 12 October 2026

Central Africa > Democratic Republic of the Congo > Lomami National Park

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Summary

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  • Bonobos (Pan paniscus) are present in Lomami National Park.
  • It has been estimated that 9,500 individuals occur in the park and its buffer area.
  • The bonobo population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 8,879 km².
  • Key threats to bonobos are hunting and habitat loss due to expansion of subsistence farming.
  • Conservation activities have focused on biomonitoring, anti-poaching patrols, and community involvement.


Site characteristics

Lomami National Park is situated in the Democratic Republic of Congo, between the rivers Tshuapa, Lomami, and Lualaba (FZS). The park was established in 2016, and it covers an area of nearly 9,000 km² and has a buffer zone of approximately 20,000 km². The region is covered by dense tropical rainforests, swamp forests and savannas (Batumike et al. 2020). The park is home to several endangered and rare or endemic species, including bonobos, forest elephants, giant pangolins, hippos, okapis, Congo peafowl, the recently discovered dryas monkey, and the Lesula monkey, discovered in the park in 2012 (Batumike et al. 2020, FZS).

Table 1. Basic site information for Lomami National Park

Species Pan paniscus
Area 8,879 km²
Coordinates Lat: -1.329433 , Lon: 25.069388
Type of site Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest
Type of governance

Types of sites Governance types Habitat types

Ape status

The Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation (ICCN) reported an estimated population of 9,500 individuals (5,800–13,700) in Lomami, including the surrounding buffer zone (IUCN & ICCN 2012).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Lomami National Park

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan paniscus Lomami National Park

Sampling methods Analytical frameworks

Threats

Based on village surveys around the park, there is a misconception about hunting in the buffer zone, as villagers often believe that they are allowed to hunt any species in the buffer zone, including bonobos (Batumike et al. 2020).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Lomami National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Present (unknown severity) Small-scale subsistence agriculture (cassava, maize and rice) (Batumike et al. 2020). Ongoing (2020)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High (more than 70% of population affected) Hunting for subsistence, including bonobos and other species of conservation concern (Batumike et al. 2020). Ongoing (2020)

Threats

Conservation activities

In 2007, the first team set out to explore and document the region in and around the park. The data collected have been used to improve the protection of the park and gain a better understanding of the distribution of different species (FZS). In 2021, the ICCN and Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) signed a co-management agreement, which made FZS's Lomami Project leader the director of Lomami National Park.

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Lomami National Park

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Regular patrols conducted jointly by TL2 project staff (named after the rivers in the project area, Tshuapa, Lomami, and Lualaba) and Congolese Nature Conservation Institute (ICCN) rangers. During patrols, data on species diversity and distribution are also collected, as well as on the occurrence of illegal activities (FZS). African Wildlife Foundation, Antwerp Zoo Foundation, ICCN Ongoing (2022)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat The site was declared a National Park in 2016. 2016-Ongoing (2026)
7 Economic & other incentives 7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment) The Lomami Conservation Project offers sustainable income opportunities and helps involve the communities in the park development (FZS). Ongoing (2022)

Conservation activities

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Lomami National Park

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
Not reported

Challenges

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Lomami National Park

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Enablers

Research activities

In 2012, a new species of monkey, Cercopithecus lomamiensis, was discovered on the left bank of the Lomami River (FZS). The park harbours a remarkable diversity of mammals, and is also very rich in plant species- one new species of plant has also been found here, Xenostegia lomamiensis (FZS).


Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Lomami National Park

Category Behavior Observation type Prevalence Observation dates Source Habituation Species Comment
Not reported

Behaviours

Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Lomami National Park

Value 1981-2010 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [C] 25.2 26.4 26.2 26.6 27.7
Annual precipitation [mm] 1856 1870 1866 1832 1957
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) 9.8 15 15 17.4 13.8
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) 6.9 9.6 8.5 9.9 12


Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Lomami National Park

Type No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure 15.5 0 13.5 0 16.5 0.01 28.5 0
Drought 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heatwave 10 46.98 5 52.88 10.5 59.58 23 59.01
River flood 5 1.02 5.25 1.38 5 1.14 7.25 0.88
Tropical cyclone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wildfire 30 0.47 30 0.45 29 0.58 29 0.43


  • Precipitation anomaly in Lomami National Park
  • Temperature anomaly in Lomami National Park

External links

References

Batumike, R., Imani, G., Urom, C., & Cuni-Sanchez, A. (2021). Bushmeat hunting around Lomami National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Oryx, 55(3), 421-431. doi:10.1017/S0030605319001017

Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS). (n.d.). Lomami National Park. Online: https://fzs.org/en/projects/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/lomami-national-park/

IUCN, & ICCN (2012). Bonobo (Pan paniscus): Conservation Strategy 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group & Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature. link


Page created by: APES Atlas Team Date: 2022-03-25

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