Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve: Difference between revisions
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= Site characteristics = | = Site characteristics = | ||
Located in eastern Cameroon, the Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve covers an area of 18,100 ha and is located in the Meme Division of the South West Province (Eno Nku 2004). It is limited to the north by the Kumba-Ekondo Titi road, to the South by the CDC rubber and palm plantations, the Kumba-Buea highway to the East and the Ekombe Mbonji-Barombi Kotto road (Eno Nku 2004). The reserve was created in 1939 to protect distinctive flora and fauna with many endemic species such as the ''Microberlinia bisulcata'' (Tiger wood), ''Lophira alata'' (Iron wood), ''Nauclea diderichii'' (Opepe), ''Gebourtia mannii'' (Boubinga), ''Milicia excelsa'' (Iroko) ([https://erudef.org/the-southern-bakundu-forest-reserve-a-farm-estate-or-protected-area/ ERuDeF]). | Located in eastern Cameroon, the Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve covers an area of 18,100 ha and is located in the Meme Division of the South West Province ([[#R01724|Eno Nku 2004]]). It is limited to the north by the Kumba-Ekondo Titi road, to the South by the CDC rubber and palm plantations, the Kumba-Buea highway to the East and the Ekombe Mbonji-Barombi Kotto road ([[#R01724|Eno Nku 2004]]). The reserve was created in 1939 to protect distinctive flora and fauna with many endemic species such as the ''Microberlinia bisulcata'' (Tiger wood), ''Lophira alata'' (Iron wood), ''Nauclea diderichii'' (Opepe), ''Gebourtia mannii'' (Boubinga), ''Milicia excelsa'' (Iroko) ([https://erudef.org/the-southern-bakundu-forest-reserve-a-farm-estate-or-protected-area/ ERuDeF]). | ||
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve''' | '''Table 1. Basic site information for Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve''' | ||
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= Ape status = | = Ape status = | ||
Signs of chimpanzees were not found during a survey in the early 2000s (Eno Nku 2004). | Signs of chimpanzees were not found during a survey in the early 2000s ([[#R01724|Eno Nku 2004]]). | ||
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve''' | '''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve''' | ||
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|Reconnaissance walk | |Reconnaissance walk | ||
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|Eno Nku 2004 | |[[#R01724|Eno Nku 2004]] | ||
|Survey effort 25 km | |Survey effort 25 km | ||
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= Threats = | = Threats = | ||
The populations of wildlife species at the site have declined over the years as a result of the illegal exploitation of forest resources and encroachment from all sides of the reserve (Eno Nku 2004). The absence of research, monitoring and management of the site is a great concern and has contributed to the decline of wildlife. During a survey in the early 2000s, a great number of snares, gun shells and gunshots were reported (Eno Nku 2004). | The populations of wildlife species at the site have declined over the years as a result of the illegal exploitation of forest resources and encroachment from all sides of the reserve ([[#R01724|Eno Nku 2004]]). The absence of research, monitoring and management of the site is a great concern and has contributed to the decline of wildlife. During a survey in the early 2000s, a great number of snares, gun shells and gunshots were reported ([[#R01724|Eno Nku 2004]]). | ||
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve''' | '''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve''' | ||
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|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | |2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Plantations extending into the reserve (Eno Nku 2004). | |Plantations extending into the reserve ([[#R01724|Eno Nku 2004]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2004) | |Ongoing (2004) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | |5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Illegal exploitation of wildlife has led to the extinction of many wildlife species, particularly large mammals which are regularly hunted for food and for the bushmeat trade (Eno Nku 2004). | |Illegal exploitation of wildlife has led to the extinction of many wildlife species, particularly large mammals which are regularly hunted for food and for the bushmeat trade ([[#R01724|Eno Nku 2004]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2004) | |Ongoing (2004) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants | |5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants | ||
|High (more than 70% of population affected) | |High (more than 70% of population affected) | ||
|Exploitation of NTFPs (Eno Nku 2004). | |Exploitation of NTFPs ([[#R01724|Eno Nku 2004]]). | ||
|Ongoing (2004) | |Ongoing (2004) | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|2 Resources and capacity | |2 Resources and capacity | ||
|2.2 Lack of staff | |2.2 Lack of staff | ||
|Eno Nku 2004 | |[[#R01724|Eno Nku 2004]] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|4 Institutional support | |4 Institutional support | ||
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement | |4.1 Lack of law enforcement | ||
|Eno Nku 2004 | |[[#R01724|Eno Nku 2004]] | ||
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|} | |} | ||
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= Exposure to climate change impacts = | = Exposure to climate change impacts = | ||
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. | As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02319|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. | ||
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024). | The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02319|Kiribou et al. 2024]]). | ||
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve''' | '''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve''' | ||
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= References = | = References = | ||
Eno Nku, M. (2004). Large mammal recoinnassance surveys of Lake Barombi Mbo and Southern Banduku Forests Reserves, SW Province. Report to Wildlife Conservation Society & MINEF. | <span id="R01724"></span>Eno Nku, M. (2004). Large mammal recoinnassance surveys of Lake Barombi Mbo and Southern Banduku Forests Reserves, SW Province. Report to Wildlife Conservation Society & MINEF. | ||
<span id="R02319"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345] | |||
'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-02-28 | '''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-02-28 | ||
Revision as of 16:31, 12 October 2026
Central Africa > Cameroon > Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve
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Summary
- Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti) are present in Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve.
- The population size is unknown.
- The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
- The site has a total size of 181 km².
- Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting, agricultural activities and exploitation of NTFPs.
- Conservation activities are not documented.
Site characteristics
Located in eastern Cameroon, the Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve covers an area of 18,100 ha and is located in the Meme Division of the South West Province (Eno Nku 2004). It is limited to the north by the Kumba-Ekondo Titi road, to the South by the CDC rubber and palm plantations, the Kumba-Buea highway to the East and the Ekombe Mbonji-Barombi Kotto road (Eno Nku 2004). The reserve was created in 1939 to protect distinctive flora and fauna with many endemic species such as the Microberlinia bisulcata (Tiger wood), Lophira alata (Iron wood), Nauclea diderichii (Opepe), Gebourtia mannii (Boubinga), Milicia excelsa (Iroko) (ERuDeF).
Table 1. Basic site information for Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve
| Species | Pan troglodytes ellioti |
| Area | 181 km² |
| Coordinates | Lat: 4.516667 , Lon: 9.316667 |
| Type of site | Protected area (Forest Reserve) |
| Habitat types | Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest |
| Type of governance |
Types of sites Governance types Habitat types
Ape status
Signs of chimpanzees were not found during a survey in the early 2000s (Eno Nku 2004).
Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve
| Species | Year | Occurrence | Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) | Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) | Abundance estimate (95% CI) | Survey area | Sampling method | Analytical framework | Source | Comments | A.P.E.S. database ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pan troglodytes ellioti | 2004 | Absent | Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve | Reconnaissance walk | Eno Nku 2004 | Survey effort 25 km |
Sampling methods Analytical frameworks
Threats
The populations of wildlife species at the site have declined over the years as a result of the illegal exploitation of forest resources and encroachment from all sides of the reserve (Eno Nku 2004). The absence of research, monitoring and management of the site is a great concern and has contributed to the decline of wildlife. During a survey in the early 2000s, a great number of snares, gun shells and gunshots were reported (Eno Nku 2004).
Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve
| Category | Specific threats | Threat level | Description | Year of threat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 Agriculture & aquaculture | 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Plantations extending into the reserve (Eno Nku 2004). | Ongoing (2004) |
| 5 Biological resource use | 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Illegal exploitation of wildlife has led to the extinction of many wildlife species, particularly large mammals which are regularly hunted for food and for the bushmeat trade (Eno Nku 2004). | Ongoing (2004) |
| 5 Biological resource use | 5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Exploitation of NTFPs (Eno Nku 2004). | Ongoing (2004) |
Conservation activities
Challenges
Table 5. Challenges reported for Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve
| Challenges | Specific challenges | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 Resources and capacity | 2.2 Lack of staff | Eno Nku 2004 | |
| 4 Institutional support | 4.1 Lack of law enforcement | Eno Nku 2004 |
Enablers
Table 6. Enablers reported for Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve
| Enablers | Specific enablers | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Site management | |||
| 2 Resources and capacity | |||
| 3 Engaged community | |||
| 4 Institutional support | |||
| 5 Ecological context | |||
| 6 Safety and stability |
Research activities
Documented behaviours
Table 7. Behaviours documented for Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve
| Category | Behavior | Observation type | Prevalence | Observation dates | Source | Habituation | Species | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not reported |
Exposure to climate change impacts
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve
| Value | 1981-2010 | 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 | 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 | 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 | 2071-2099, RCP 6.0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean temperature [C] | 23.9 | 25 | 24.9 | 25.1 | 26.2 |
| Annual precipitation [mm] | 2529 | 2616 | 2663 | 2660 | 2625 |
| Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) | 43.6 | 28 | 29.5 | 25.5 | 31.3 |
| No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) | 6.2 | 6 | 6.7 | 7.2 | 6.8 |
Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve
| Type | No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) | % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) | No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) | % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) | No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) | % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) | No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) | % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crop failure | 5 | 0.64 | 4 | 0.57 | 3 | 0.95 | 6 | 0.81 |
| Drought | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Heatwave | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 50 | 1.5 | 100 | 3.5 | 100 |
| River flood | 2.25 | 0.51 | 0.5 | 0.03 | 1.75 | 1.76 | 4 | 1.47 |
| Tropical cyclone | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Wildfire | 30 | 0.41 | 30 | 0.42 | 29 | 0.41 | 29 | 0.44 |
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Precipitation anomaly in Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve -
Temperature anomaly in Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve
External links
References
Eno Nku, M. (2004). Large mammal recoinnassance surveys of Lake Barombi Mbo and Southern Banduku Forests Reserves, SW Province. Report to Wildlife Conservation Society & MINEF.
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345. doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345
Page created by: APES Atlas Team Date: 2022-02-28