Summary

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Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve.
It has been estimated that 230 individuals from four communities occur in the site.
The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
The site has a total size of 147 km².
Key threats to chimpanzees are snares and live traps targeting smaller animals.
Conservation activities have focused on ecotourism and the removal of snares in the forest.

Site characteristics

The site is located in the Albertine Rift in western Uganda. Kalinzu Forest Reserve has over 414 tree species including shrubs, several primates, including chimpanzees, blue monkeys, vervet monkeys, baboons, black and white colobus monkeys, more than 380 bird species, as well as hundreds of moth and butterfly species (Uganda Parks n.d.). The reserve is adjacent to the Queen Elizabeth National Park and the Maramagambo Forest. It lies at an average altitude of 1,400 m above sea level (Uganda Parks n.d.).

Table 1. Basic site information for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Species	Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
Area	147 km²
Coordinates	Lat: -0.416007 , Lon: 30.060209
Type of site	Protected area (Forest Reserve)
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
Type of governance

Types of sites Governance types Habitat types

Ape status

At least four chimpanzee communities inhabit the site, with an estimated population of 230 individuals (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Species	Year	Occurrence	Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Survey area	Sampling method	Analytical framework	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii	2004			1.67		Kalinzu Forest	Line transects		Plumptre & Cox 2006	Survey effort: 311 km
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii	Unknown			2.0-4.7		Kalinzu Forest	Line transects		Hashimoto 1995

Sampling methods Analytical frameworks

Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
5 Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Snares targeting smaller animals severely injure chimpanzees (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).	Ongoing (2007)

Threats

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Category	Specific activity	Description	Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares	A snare removal program started in 2005 with the support of the Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund and the Japan Ministry of Environment Global Environment Research Fund (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).	2005-Ongoing (2007)
5 Protection & restoration	5.2 Legally protect ape habitat		Ongoing (2025)
6 Species management	6.1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers	Two habituated chimpanzee groups are found in the reserve (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).	Ongoing (2007)
8 Permanent presence	8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site	Chimpanzee trekking and other activities are offered at the site (Uganda Parks n.d.).	Ongoing (2021)

Conservation activities

Challenges

Controlling illegal activities in the area remains the biggest problem for the conservation of chimpanzees in the reserve (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
4 Institutional support	4.1 Lack of law enforcement	Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007

Challenges

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Enablers	Specific enablers	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Enablers

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Category	Behavior	Observation type	Prevalence	Observation dates	Source	Habituation	Species	Comment
	Ant dipping				Hashimoto, Furuichi & Tashiro 2000
	Meat eating				Hashimoto, Furuichi & Tashiro 2000

Behaviours

Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. subm. extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (see Kiribou et al. subm. for details).

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Value	1981-2010	2021-2050, RCP 2.6	2021-2050, RCP 6.0	2071-2099, RCP 2.6	2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [C]	21.2	22.3	22.1	22.5	23.6
Annual precipitation [mm]	1193	1203	1258	1171	1250
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)	21.9	26.3	28.2	29.2	24.3
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)	5.7	5.7	7.4	6.3	8.2

Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Type	No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)	% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)	No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)	% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)	No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)	% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)	No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)	% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure	1.5	0.05	0.5	1.05	2	1.59	3	0.8
Drought	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heatwave	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
River flood	1	1.91	3.5	3.13	1.5	0.12	4	1.89
Tropical cyclone	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wildfire	30	0.6	30	0.51	29	0.66	29	0.58

Precipitation anomaly in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve
Temperature anomaly in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

External links

Uganda Parks

National Forestry Authority

References

Hashimoto, C., Furuichi, T. & Tashiro, Y. (2000) Ant dipping and meat eating by wild chimpanzees in the Kalinzu forest, uganda. Primates 41, 103–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02557466

Hashimoto, C., Cox, D. & Furuichi, T. (2007). Snare Removal for Conservation of Chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda. Pan Africa News, 14(1), 8-10.

Hashimoto, C. (1995) Population census of the chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda: Comparison between methods with nest counts. Primates 36, 477–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02382870

Plumptre, A. J. and Cox, D. 2006. Counting primates for conser-vation: primate surveys in Uganda. – Primates 47: 65–73.

Page created by: APES Atlas Team Date: 2021-12-18