Summary

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Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti) are present in Idanre Forest Reserve.
The population size is unknown.
The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
The site has a total size of 540 km².
Key threats to chimpanzees are logging, hunting, and agricultural activities.
Conservation activities are not documented.

Site characteristics

Idanre Forest Reserve is located in Ondo state. Only a patch of natural forest remains at the centre of the reserve, smaller than 50 km².

Table 1. Basic site information for Idanre Forest Reserve

Species	Pan troglodytes ellioti
Area	540 km²
Coordinates	Lat: 6.857147 , Lon: 5.105385
Type of site	Protected area (Forest Reserve)
Habitat types	Agricultural land, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
Type of governance

Types of sites Governance types Habitat types

Ape status

Vocalisations and nests were documented in a 2006 survey (Greengrass 2006).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Idanre Forest Reserve

Species	Year	Occurrence	Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Survey area	Sampling method	Analytical framework	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes ellioti	2006	Present				Idanre Forest Reserve	Reconnaissance walk		Greengrass 2006	Vocalisations and 3 nests recorded.

Sampling methods Analytical frameworks

Threats

The eastern side of the forest reserve has been converted to teak plantations and farms. The presence of several camps on this side of the reserve indicates a high human population. Logging activity is very high and illegal hunter camps are found throughout the reserve (Greengrass 2006).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Idanre Forest Reserve

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Farms in the eastern side of the forest reserve (Greengrass 2006).	Ongoing (2006)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.2 Wood & pulp plantations	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Land cleared for teak plantations (Greengrass 2006).	Ongoing (2006)
5 Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Illegal huntings camps found scattered throughout the remaining forest (Greengrass 2006).	Ongoing (2006)
5 Biological resource use	5.3 Logging & wood harvesting	High (more than 70% of population affected)	High logging pressure; chainsaws seen and heard frequently during a 2006 survey (Greengrass 2006).	Ongoing (2006)

Threats

Conservation activities

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Idanre Forest Reserve

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
	Not reported

Challenges

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Idanre Forest Reserve

Enablers	Specific enablers	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Enablers

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Idanre Forest Reserve

Category	Behavior	Observation type	Prevalence	Observation dates	Source	Habituation	Species	Comment
	Not reported

Behaviours

Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Idanre Forest Reserve

Value	1981-2010	2021-2050, RCP 2.6	2021-2050, RCP 6.0	2071-2099, RCP 2.6	2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [C]	26.9	28	27.8	28.2	29.1
Annual precipitation [mm]	1958	1998	2028	1992	2045
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)	34.3	38.9	36.6	36.7	40.3
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)	6	10	9.6	10.7	11.8

Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Idanre Forest Reserve

Type	No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)	% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)	No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)	% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)	No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)	% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)	No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)	% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure	3	1.3	1.5	0.65	2	1.45	6.5	1.87
Drought	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heatwave	9	100	9.5	100	8.5	100	7	100
River flood	1	0.68	1	0.27	0.5	0.72	3.25	2.19
Tropical cyclone	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	0.79
Wildfire	30	0.54	30	0.54	29	0.54	29	0.55

Precipitation anomaly in Idanre Forest Reserve
Temperature anomaly in Idanre Forest Reserve

External links

References

Greengrass, E.J. (2006). A survey of chimpanzees in south-west Nigeria. Report to the NCF-WCS Biodiversity Research Programme. link

Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), 1-19. doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345

Page created by: APES Atlas Team Date: 2023-03-03