View source for Boundialé-Odienne

[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d'Ivoire]] > [[Boundialé-Odienne]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|9.499024, -7.107348~[[Boundialé-Odienne]]~''Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Boundialé-Odienne.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
* The size of the site is unknown.
* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat loss due to fires and agricultural expansion, and hunting.
* Conservation activities are not documented.






= Site characteristics =

Boundialé-Odienne is an area that was surveyed as part of the Pan African Programme ([http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/ PanAf]). The site is characterised by subtropical dry forest and savanna, punctuated by inselbergs and wet gallery forests (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). The area encompasses numerous classified forests.

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Boundialé-Odienne'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
|Area
|
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 9.499024 , Lon:  -7.107348
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area
|-
|Habitat types
|Shrubland, Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Savanna, Rocky areas (inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]] 

= Ape status =

A minimum of two nests and two faecal samples were recorded during a 2015 survey; local villagers reported the presence of chimpanzees (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022). Community members were questioned in 30 villages associated with 20 classified forests.

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Boundialé-Odienne'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2015
|Present
|
|
|
|Boundialé-Odienne
|Line transects & recces
|
|Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022
|Recce (covering less than 20 km) and interview survey.
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]] 

= Threats =

The classified forests in the area have not been managed, and most of them are simply demarcations on a map, so the forests have been severely degraded (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Boundialé-Odienne'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|Present (unknown severity)
|Herding (Cohen, H., pers. comm. 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Many people previously hunted and ate chimpanzees; now they have become too rare (Cohen, H., pers. comm. 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|Present (unknown severity)
|Grass burning (Cohen, H. pers. comm. 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
|}

[[Threats]] 

= Conservation activities =




= Challenges =



'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Boundialé-Odienne'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]] 

= Enablers =



'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Boundialé-Odienne'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]] 

= Research activities =

The site was surveyed as part of the Pan African Programme ([http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/ PanAf]).


= Documented behaviours =



'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Boundialé-Odienne'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]] 

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. subm. extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (see Kiribou et al. subm. for details).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Boundialé-Odienne'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|26.1
|27.3
|27.3
|27.4
|28.6
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1433
|1456
|1506
|1497
|1563
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|48.8
|48.2
|51.5
|50.4
|51.4
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|4.6
|7.8
|7.7
|8.9
|9.5
|}


'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Boundialé-Odienne'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|6
|0.26
|3.5
|0.26
|6
|0.26
|10.5
|0.26
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|4
|50
|3
|100
|3.5
|100
|4.5
|100
|-
|River flood
|1
|0.01
|1.5
|0.26
|1.5
|0.78
|3.5
|0.59
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|1.77
|30
|1.66
|29
|1.75
|29
|1.99
|}


<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Boundialé-Odienne.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Boundialé-Odienne]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Boundialé-Odienne.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Boundialé-Odienne]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =



= References =





'''Page created by: '''Heather Cohen & APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-07-04